Appetite Regulation

Question 1

What is appetite?

Answer 1

Biopsychosocial phenonomon that reflects the complex interactions btwn the biological, psychological and environmental processes involved in the overall expression of food intake. This serves to regulate energy intake to maintain metabolic needs.

Question 2

What is hunger?

Answer 2

The perception and manifestation of appetite.

Question 3

What is satiation?

Answer 3

Process leading up to the termination of eating.

Question 4

Orexigenic

Answer 4

Appetite stimulating

Question 5

Anorexogenic

Answer 5

Appetite suppressing

Question 6

What is the Ad-Libitum intake method?

Answer 6

Eating until one is full. This can be done through buffet style, looking at what nutrients people go to, but it is difficult to measure how much they have eaten at the end.

Question 7

What are (chronic) tonic signals?

Answer 7

Measures day-to-day, week-by-week effects

Question 8

What are (acute) episodic signals?

Answer 8

Measures meal-to-meal effects.

Question 9

What is Leptin?

Answer 9

A tonic signal of energy balance, signals whether we have enough / not enough energy.

Question 10

What do ppl with high BMI become insensitive to?

Answer 10

Leptin signals.

Question 11

What is ghrelin?

Answer 11

An orexigenic hormone. Increases just before a meal and decreases after. This is why it is an episodic signal.

Question 12

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the control of appetite?

Answer 12

Arc Nucleus in the hypothalamus is the control centre for body weight. Signals when we are hungry and signals when to stop eating when we are full.

Question 13

What do animal studies show about the role of the hypothalamus with eating behaviour?

Answer 13

Hypothalamic lesions illustrate alteration in feeding behaviours, body mass and exposure to high calorie diets causes hypothalamic inflammation.

Question 14

What did Brown et al (2023) find in humans with regard to the hypothalamus’ function?

Answer 14

Found an association btwn hypothalamus size and BMI. May be due to inflammation?

Question 15

What is exercise induced anorexia?

Answer 15

When people take part in exercise but don’t increase their energy intake, causing them to go into a negative energy balance.

Question 16

What are the inconsistencies regarding exercise and appetite regulation?

Answer 16

Men and women, trained v untrained, overweight v underweight. All play a part in energy intake levels.

Question 17

What did Broom et al. find about aerobic v weight training exercises and their effect on satiety?

Answer 17

Found that for the same burned calories, individuals were less hungry when they did aerobic exercise compared to weight training.

Question 18

What did King et al. find about inter-individual variability of weight?

Answer 18

Found there was large interindividual variability of weight change for the same supervised exercise due to differences in energy intake responses.

Question 19

What are the two types of protein?

Answer 19

Casein (slow release protein) and Whey (rapid increase in digestion)

Question 20

What did Hall et al. find about Whey and Casein protein drinks in relation to satiety levels?

Answer 20

Found that Whey protein was more satiating than Casein before doing an Ad-Libitum test.

Question 21

What is Whey protein used for?

Answer 21

Controlling food intake and favouring weight loss. Used for muscle recovery through muscle protein synthesis.

Question 22

What is the overall take of exercise and nutrient intake and their impact on appetite regulation?

Answer 22

They do have an impact on appetite regulation but the response is not consistent. Majority of studies are short term; there is a need to look for long term effects.