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VOL 1 > Appendix D (Sound Reinforcement) > Flashcards

Appendix D (Sound Reinforcement) Flashcards

1
Q

what is electricity

A

the flow of electrons through wires and circuits

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2
Q

what is voltage

A

a measurement of electrical pressure or potential as compared to a zero ground potential. potential energy. measured in volts

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3
Q

what are volts

A

a unit of electromotive force or electrical pressure.

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4
Q

what is one volt equal to

A

the pressure required to send one ampere of current through a resistance of one ohm

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5
Q

what is current

A

a measurement of how many electrons pass through a reference point each second.

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6
Q

what is current measured in

A

ampere

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7
Q

what is an ampere

A

(A) or (I) is the basic unit of electrical current

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8
Q

what is resistance?

A

the property of a conductor that determines the amount of current that will flow as a result of a given electromotive force

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9
Q

what is a resistor

A

a device specifically built for the purpose of limiting current flow

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10
Q

what is an ohm

A

the unit of electrical resistance

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11
Q

what is impedance

A

(Z) the total opposition offered to the flow of an alternating current

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12
Q

what is ground

A

the electrical reference against which voltages are expressed

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13
Q

what are the three types of ground

A

earth
signal
and chassis

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14
Q

what is earth ground

A

ground that uses the electrical presence of the earth as a reference

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15
Q

what is signal ground

A

reference point in which signal potentials (voltages) in a specific piece of equipment such as a microphone are expressed

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16
Q

what is chassis ground

A

any conductor that is connected to the devices chassis. Chassis ground ultimately drains to earth ground

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17
Q

what is power?

A

the rate of doing work or rate of expanding energy.

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18
Q

what is the unit of power?

A

watt

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19
Q

what is a watt?

A

it represents the amount of work that is performed through heat dissipation

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20
Q

what is a watt equal to?

A

one joule of energy per second

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21
Q

what is a multi meter?

A

a device that measures voltage, electronic current, and resistance within a variety of different ranges of values

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22
Q

what does a multi meter look like?

A

PICTURE

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eGpB_fW1kMN5uAMnnvkHV-s–iR93mPZ?usp=sharing

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23
Q

what is a volt tester?

A

AKA test lamp, determines the presence of electric voltage

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24
Q

what does a volt tester look like?

A

PICTURE

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eGpB_fW1kMN5uAMnnvkHV-s–iR93mPZ?usp=sharing

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25
Q

what is a decibel?

A

DB. a unit used to measure the intensity of a sound or the power level of an electric signal by comparing it to a given level on a logarithmic scale.

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26
Q

What is dB SPL

A

measure of sound pressure in decibels.

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27
Q

what is 0 dB SPL

A

threshold for human hearing

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28
Q

what is 130 dB SPL

A

threshold for pain

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29
Q

what is an audio signal?

A

an electrical representation of sound in the form of a fluctuating voltage or current

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30
Q

what are standard operating levels?

A

the amount of power needed to drive the signal coming from a particular source

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31
Q

microphone level?

A

the lowest level. range from no signal to -20 dBu

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32
Q

line level range?

A

range is -20dBu to 30+ dBu.

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33
Q

what operates at line level?

A

the mixing console operates at this level as does most signal processing and electric keyboards

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34
Q

speaker level range?

A

highest level +30 dBu

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35
Q

what outputs at line level?

A

power amplifiers

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36
Q

what is gain

A

gain is the increase in amplitude of a signal

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37
Q

what is gain expressed in

A

dB

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38
Q

what is attenuation

A

a reduction of the amplitude of a signal

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39
Q

what is nominal?

A

the operating level at which an electronic signal processing device is designed to operate

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40
Q

what is the dynamic range

A

the difference between the maximum electrical signal potential and inherent noise floor

41
Q

what is noise floor

A

all unwanted sound in an audio system

42
Q

examples of noise floor

A

AC or PA system noise

43
Q

what is the signal to noise ratio

A

the difference between nominal level and floor noise

44
Q

what is headroom

A

the difference between nominal and maximum output

45
Q

what do unbalanced cables and circuits use

A

two conductors: a single active wire, ground/shield wire return.

46
Q

at what length does it get hard for a cables ground to fend off interference

A

15 + feet

47
Q

what is different about balanced cables and circuits

A

the two signals are sent 180 degrees out of phase to cancel out noise caused by interference. once received the signal is flipped back into phase

48
Q

what is a conductor?

A

a material that allows electrical current to flow freely from particle to particle

49
Q

conductor materials?

A

copper aluminum tin silver and gold

50
Q

what are insulators

A

materials that impede the movement of electrical current

51
Q

insulator materials

A

rubber plastic wood

52
Q

what is shielding

A

the process of protecting equipment from electromagnetic and electrostatic interference by surrounding it with a conductive or magnetic material.

53
Q

what material is used for shielding

A

copper aluminum and other metals

54
Q

what else is shielding

A

a means of confining the interference of cables and power lines

55
Q

what is a cable gauge

A

the diameter of a cable used to carry energy

56
Q

what is the standard wire measurement system in the US?

A

AWG the American wire gauge

57
Q

the smaller the gauge number

A

the larger the diameter and opposite

58
Q

what is EMI

A

electromagnetic interference generated by an outside element containing radio frequencies

59
Q

what is emi also known as

A

RFI radio frequency interference

60
Q

what is electrostatic interference

A

unwanted frequencies which can be transmitted between wires

61
Q

what is a single conductor shielded cable

A

a cable consisting of a single conductor, commonly used in tip sleeve unbalanced connections
P

62
Q

what is a discrete dual conductor shielded cable

A

consists of two independent conductors, commonly used with ring tip sleeve and XLR connections
PICTURE
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eGpB_fW1kMN5uAMnnvkHV-s–iR93mPZ?usp=sharing

63
Q

what is a speaker cable

A

individually insulated wire that carries audio signals between speakers and amplifiers. can be a single conductor or multiple conductors housed together
PICTURE
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eGpB_fW1kMN5uAMnnvkHV-s–iR93mPZ?usp=sharing

64
Q

What is an ethernet cable

A

used to send information at high speeds between electronic devices such as computers routers and IP networks. AKA cat 5 or cat 6
PICTURE
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eGpB_fW1kMN5uAMnnvkHV-s–iR93mPZ?usp=sharing

65
Q

what is a multi channel audio snake

A

a single cable which houses several discrete dual conductor shielded audio cables. extremely useful for managing several audio channels.
PICTURE
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eGpB_fW1kMN5uAMnnvkHV-s–iR93mPZ?usp=sharing

66
Q

what are XLR connectors

A

three pin connectors connect microphones to a mixing board as well as powered speakers
PICTURE
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eGpB_fW1kMN5uAMnnvkHV-s–iR93mPZ?usp=sharing

67
Q

what are the two common 1/4 and 1/8 inch cables

A

TS and TRS
PICTURE
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eGpB_fW1kMN5uAMnnvkHV-s–iR93mPZ?usp=sharing

68
Q

what are neutrik speakon and powercon connectors?

A

neutrik speakon connectors are an alternative for connecting amplifiers and loudspeakers
Powercon connectors are used as AC power connectors that lock.
PICTURE
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eGpB_fW1kMN5uAMnnvkHV-s–iR93mPZ?usp=sharing

69
Q

what are IEC connectors

A

power supply couplers with multiple different applications and configurations
PICTURE
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eGpB_fW1kMN5uAMnnvkHV-s–iR93mPZ?usp=sharing

70
Q

what are RJ45 connectors

A

standard for network and telecommunication connections
PICTURE
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eGpB_fW1kMN5uAMnnvkHV-s–iR93mPZ?usp=sharing

71
Q

what are neutrik ethernet cables

A

RJ45s connectors designed for video audio and lighting
PICTURE
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eGpB_fW1kMN5uAMnnvkHV-s–iR93mPZ?usp=sharing

72
Q

What is OSHA?

A

occupation safety and health administration

73
Q

when does OSHA require your employer to monitor your hearing?

A

after 85 dB over 8 hours

74
Q

what are direct boxes

A

DI boxes convert unbalanced high impedance signal into a balanced low impedance mic signal
PICTURE
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eGpB_fW1kMN5uAMnnvkHV-s–iR93mPZ?usp=sharing

75
Q

what is a dynamic mic

A

most common and rugged

voice coil that works in conjunction with a small plastic diagram

76
Q

what is a condenser mic

A

employs electronically charged backplate that forms a sensitive sound sensitive capacitor

77
Q

what is microphones polar pattern?

A

graphical representation of a mics sensitivity in relation to the angle at which sound arrives to the mic

78
Q

what is an omni directional mic

A

sensitive at all angles
PICTURE
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eGpB_fW1kMN5uAMnnvkHV-s–iR93mPZ?usp=sharing

79
Q

what is a cardioid?

A

cardioid polar pattern AKA unidirectional
sensitive to 0 degrees
PICTURE
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eGpB_fW1kMN5uAMnnvkHV-s–iR93mPZ?usp=sharing

80
Q

what is super/hyper cardioid

A

similar to cardioid most sensitive at 0
PICTURE
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eGpB_fW1kMN5uAMnnvkHV-s–iR93mPZ?usp=sharing

81
Q

what are bi directional mics

A

the most sensitive at 0 and 180
PICTURE
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eGpB_fW1kMN5uAMnnvkHV-s–iR93mPZ?usp=sharing

82
Q

what is the proximity effect?

A

the increase in low end as a unidirectional mic is positioned closer to the source

83
Q

how to lessen the proximity effect?

A

roll off around 100HZ

84
Q

whats a power amp do?

A

takes line level signal and raise it to a speaker level signal. final component to reach a loudspeaker
PICTURE

85
Q

what is a peak?

A

highest momentary power level that a system can withstand

86
Q

what is program?

A

a rating based off of a typical rising and falling of power that a system would withstand during a performance

87
Q

what is continuous?

A

the amount of power a system can handle going through it continuously

88
Q

what does a point source loudspeaker do

A

project sound from a single source

89
Q

what do full range loud speakers cover

A

full frequency range

below 100HZ is poor

90
Q

what frequencies are subwoofers for

A

below 200 HZ

91
Q

how many inputs does a big band need?

A

22 mics

92
Q

how many monitor mixes are there?

A

4 mixes

Vocals guitar/keys rhythm and winds

93
Q

how many input sources for wind ensemble?

A

21

94
Q

how many monitor mixes

A

3 mixes drums rhythm conductor

95
Q

how many inputs for PMG

A

21 inputs

96
Q

PMG monitor mixes

A

6 mixes

vocals guitar keys bass drums horns

97
Q

how many inputs for Jazz combo

A

10 inputs

98
Q

how many mixes for combo

A

3

vocals rhythm soloist

VOL 1 (18 decks)

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