Aphasia Exam 1 (Neuro) Flashcards
CNS
Brain and Spinal cord
PNS
Cranial and Spinal nerves.
- Sensory/motor neurons connect CNS to rest of body.
Horizontal
Top/bottom
Coronal
Front/back
Sagital
Equal left/right
Parasagittal
Unequal left/right
Dorsal
Top down view
ventral
down up view
Lateral
side view
Medial
Middle view
Bilateral
Both sides
Ipsilateral
One side
Contralateral
Opposite side
Superior
Above, towards the top
Anterior
In front of (towards the front)
Posterior
behind (towards the back)
Inferior
below (towards the bottom)
Neuron
Building block of Nervous system
Basic Anatomy of Neuron
Soma (body), Dendrite, Axon
Soma
Contains the nucleus, which controls the neuron’s activities.
Integrates incoming signals and decides whether to pass them along.
Dendrite
Branch-like structures that extend from the cell body.
Receive signals (neurotransmitters) from other neurons and pass them toward the cell body
Axon
-long tube-like structure that carries electrical impulses AWAY from cell body.
-Covered with myelin sheath (fatty insulation) that speeds up signal transmission.
-Ends in axon terminals, where neurotransmitters are released to communicate with other neurons
Myelin
Fat covering Axon, speeds up impulses
- CNS: Oligodendrocytes make Myelin
- PNS: Schwann cells make Myelin
Chloroide Plexus
- Vascular portion of the ventricles
- Secretes cerebrospinal fluid
- lines with ependymal cell
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
-important b/c protects, nourishes, cleans the brain
Afferent Neurons
Sensory neurons, move TOWARDS
Efferent Neurons
Motor neurons, move AWAY
Hydrocephalus
too much fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) in the brain
causes: blockage, poor absorption, head injuries
Blood Brain Barrier
protective shield around the brain that controls what can and can’t pass from the blood into the brain.
-made of ependymal cells
Meninges
Pia matter, arachnoid, dura mater
Pia Matter
thinnest, innermost layer of the meninges; carries arteries and veins
Arachnoid
contains CSF and blood vessels; weblike; adheres to inner Dura Mater
Dura mater
most external and thickest layer of the Meninges
Another name for Primary motor cortex
Precentral gyrus
Another name for Primary Sensory cortex
Post central gyrus
White Matter
Commissural, Association, Projection
Commissural (white matter)
Connect the two sides (hemispheres) of the brain.
Example: Corpus callosum.
Association fiber (white matter)
Connect different parts of the same hemisphere of the brain.
Projection fibers (white matter)
Carry signals between the brain and spinal cord.
Example: Corticospinal tract (from brain to muscles).
Decussation
left hemisphere controls right side of body & right hemisphere controls left side of body.
- If damage occurs ABOVE: impacts opposite side
- If damage occurs BELOW: impacts same side
Arterial systems
Carotid & Vertebral
Carotid Arterial system
divide into external carotid and the internal carotid.
supplies blood to: brain, face, neck
Vertebral Arterial system
supplies blood to brainstem, cerebellum, and parts of the occipital lobe.
Circle of Willis
- ring of blood vessels at the base of the brain that connects the carotid arteries (from the neck) and the vertebral arteries (from the spine).
- ensures blood can still reach brain, even if arteries are blocked.
