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APGOVSUM18 Ayasha Hussain > APGOVCHAPTER5AyashaHussain > Flashcards

APGOVCHAPTER5AyashaHussain Flashcards

1
Q

abolitionist

A

A supporter, especially in early 1800s, of ending the institution of slavery.

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2
Q

affirmative action

A

Designed to give special treatment to those previously disadvantaged.

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3
Q

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

A

Required buildings to have accommodations for peoples with disabilities.

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4
Q

Brown v. Board Education (1954)

A

Ruled school segregation unconstitutional, marked the legal end of segregation.

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5
Q

Cesar Chavez

A

Labor organizer who co-founded United Farm Workers Union in 1960s. (W/ Dolores Huerta)

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6
Q

Civil Rights

A

All rights rooted in the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection under the law.

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7
Q

Chinese Exclusion Act

A

1882 law passed by congress that prohibits all Chinese immigration to America.

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8
Q

Civil Rights Act of 1875

A

Passed by Congress to enforce 14th amendment through access to public accommodations and transportation. Ruled unconstitutional in 83.

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9
Q

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A

Wide-ranging legislation passed by Congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

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10
Q

Dolores Huerta

A

Labor organizer who co-founded United Farm Workers Union in the 1960s

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11
Q

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

A

1857 decision ruling Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved blacks. Heightens tensions between pro-slavery south and abolitionist north before Civil War

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12
Q

Dwight D. Eisenhower

A

34th president, Republican, served 1953-1961. Commander of Allied Forces during WWII

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13
Q

Eleanor Roosevelt

A

First Lady from 1933-45. Championed Human Rights throughout her life and served as the first US delegate to the UN General Assembly, an later as the chair of the UN Commission for Human Rights.

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14
Q

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A

Leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who (w/ Lucretia Mott) organized the Seneca Falls Convention. She also founded the National Women’s Suffrage Org. (NAWSA) w/ Susan B. Anthony

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15
Q

Emancipation Proclamation

A

Pres. Lincoln issued this on Jan 1, 1863, in the third year of the Civil War, “freeing” slaves in Confederacy (but not border states).

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16
Q

Equal Pay Act of 1963

A

Requires employers to pay men and women equally for equal work.

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17
Q

equal protection clause

A

Section of the 14th Amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive “equal protection of the laws.”

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18
Q

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

A

A proposed amendment that states, “Equality of rights under the law shall not be abridged or denied int he United States or in any state on account of sex”

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19
Q

Fifteenth Amendment

A

Third of 3 Civil Rights Amendments after Civil War, specifically gives freed males the right to vote.

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20
Q

Fourteenth Amendment

A

Second of 3 Civil Rights Amendments after Civil War, guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all US Citizens.

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21
Q

Frederick Douglass

A

A former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionist writer and suffragist

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22
Q

grandfather clause

A

Allowed a man to vote only if he had an ancestor who voted before 1867 (Reconstruction) or if they could pass a wealth or literacy test.

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23
Q

Harriet Tubman

A

Born a slave in MD in the early 1820s, Tubman escaped to freedom and became a “conductor” on the Underground Railroad. She led over 70 people to freedom, served in the Union during the civil war, and championed Women’s Suffrage.

24
Q

Harry S. Truman

A

33rd US President, Democrat, who served from 1945-1953 after FDR died in office. Truman led the USA out of WWII and into the Cold War.

25
Q

intermediate standard of review

A

Standard of judicial review in which the Court determines whether classifications serve an important governmental objective are substantially related to serving that objective. Gender-related legislation automatically accorded this level of review.

26
Q

Jim Crow Laws

A

A local or state law in the post-Civil War south designed to keep blacks and whites segregated in public transportation, theaters, schools, hotels, etc.

27
Q

John F. Kennedy

A

35th president, a Democrat, served 1961-63. Marked a generational shift in US Politics at the height of the cold war. Assassinated Nov. 22, 1963

28
Q

Korematsu v. U.S (1944)

A

1944 ruling upholding the authority of the US government to require mass internment camps of Japanese-Americans during WWII

29
Q

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

A

ruling that anti-sodomy laws violate the constitutional right to privacy

30
Q

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

A

League of United Latin American Citizens: Activist group formed in 1929 against discrimination and pro-assimilation of hispanic Americans.

31
Q

LBGT community

A

minority group based on sexual orientation and gender identity

32
Q

Lucretia Mott

A

Leading 1800s feminist, suffragist, abolitionist and co-organizer of Seneca Falls Convention

33
Q

Martin Luther King Jr.

A

Baptist minister, proponent of non-violence and most prominent Civil rights leader of 50s and 60s until his assassination on August 4th, 1968 in Memphis, TN.

34
Q

Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund ( MALDEF)

A

Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund: modeled on NAACP’s fund to promote civil rights of Latin Americans.

35
Q

National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

A

1915 combination of NWSA and AWSA.

36
Q

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP)

A

The legal aim of the NAACP that successfully litigated the landmark case Brown v. Board and a host of other civil rights cases

37
Q

NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF)

A

A separate, tax-exempt legal defense fund to devise a strategy to bring about equal educational opportunities for all African American children created by NAACP; headed by Thurgood Marshall

38
Q

National Organization for Women

NOW

A

National Organization for Women. Leading activist group of women’s rights movement, especially in the 60s and 70s.

39
Q

National Women’s Party (NWP)

A

National Women’s Party- a militant suffrage organization in early 1900s. Members were arrested, jailed, and force-fed during prison hunger strikes

40
Q

Nineteenth Amendment

A

Gave women the right to vote. 1920

41
Q

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

A

uling that affirms same-sex couples’ right to marriage anywhere in the US.

42
Q

Plessy v. Ferguson

A

case challenging Louisiana statute requiring separate railroad compartments for whites/blacks; Court says separate-but-equal does NOT violate 14th Amendment. This case codified separate but equal laws until Brown v. Board (1954).

43
Q

Poll tax

A

Taxes levied in the South to disenfranchise poorer voters by requiring a fee to vote

44
Q

Progressive Era ( 1890-1920)

A

1890-1920. Period of widespread activism to reform political, economic, and social ills in US.

45
Q

Rational basis standard of review

A

Standard of judicial review where a court determines if a rational foundation for discrimination exists, generally given to laws affecting age, wealth, and mental capacity.

46
Q

Rosa Parks

A

Leading Civil Rights activist of the 20th century, notable face of the Montgomery Bus Boycott which began Dec. 1, 1955 and lasted 381 days.

47
Q

Seneca Fall Convention

A

First major feminist meeting held in NY state in 1848. Produced “Declaration of Sentiments” calling for women’s rights

48
Q

separate -but equal-doctrine

A

Doctrine deemed constitutional by Plessy v. Ferguson, used to pass discriminatory legislation across the South in the late 1800s.

49
Q

standards of review

A

Standards imposed on Congress by SCOTUS to ensure laws follow 14th Amendment protections.

50
Q

strict scrutiny

A

Highest standard of judicial by which SCOTUS judges classifications based on race, or limitations of first-amendment rights

51
Q

suffrage movement

A

Drive for voting rights for women in 1800s and early 1900s until 19th Amendment in 1920

52
Q

Susan B. Anthony

A

1800s feminist, suffragette, abolitionist, co-founder of NAWSA and member of the National Women’s Party who helped pass 19th amendment.

53
Q

suspect classifications

A

Category or class, such as race or a fundamental freedom, that triggers the highest standard of SCOTUS scrutiny.

54
Q

Thirteenth Amendment

A

First of 3 Civil Rights Amendments after Civil War, bans slavery.

55
Q

Title IX

A

Provision of the Education Amendments of 1972 that stops federal funds from going to schools that discriminate against women.

56
Q

Thurgood Marshall

A

Leading Civil Rights lawyer and first head of NAACP’s Legal Defense and Educational Fund. First black SCOTUS member (served 1967-91)

57
Q

United States v. Windor (2013)

A

ruling striking down ‘96 Defense of Marriage Act, which prohibited same-sex marriages

APGOVSUM18 Ayasha Hussain (17 decks)

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