APGOVCHAPTER5AyashaHussain Flashcards
abolitionist
A supporter, especially in early 1800s, of ending the institution of slavery.
affirmative action
Designed to give special treatment to those previously disadvantaged.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Required buildings to have accommodations for peoples with disabilities.
Brown v. Board Education (1954)
Ruled school segregation unconstitutional, marked the legal end of segregation.
Cesar Chavez
Labor organizer who co-founded United Farm Workers Union in 1960s. (W/ Dolores Huerta)
Civil Rights
All rights rooted in the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection under the law.
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 law passed by congress that prohibits all Chinese immigration to America.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Passed by Congress to enforce 14th amendment through access to public accommodations and transportation. Ruled unconstitutional in 83.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Wide-ranging legislation passed by Congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Dolores Huerta
Labor organizer who co-founded United Farm Workers Union in the 1960s
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
1857 decision ruling Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved blacks. Heightens tensions between pro-slavery south and abolitionist north before Civil War
Dwight D. Eisenhower
34th president, Republican, served 1953-1961. Commander of Allied Forces during WWII
Eleanor Roosevelt
First Lady from 1933-45. Championed Human Rights throughout her life and served as the first US delegate to the UN General Assembly, an later as the chair of the UN Commission for Human Rights.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who (w/ Lucretia Mott) organized the Seneca Falls Convention. She also founded the National Women’s Suffrage Org. (NAWSA) w/ Susan B. Anthony
Emancipation Proclamation
Pres. Lincoln issued this on Jan 1, 1863, in the third year of the Civil War, “freeing” slaves in Confederacy (but not border states).
Equal Pay Act of 1963
Requires employers to pay men and women equally for equal work.
equal protection clause
Section of the 14th Amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive “equal protection of the laws.”
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
A proposed amendment that states, “Equality of rights under the law shall not be abridged or denied int he United States or in any state on account of sex”
Fifteenth Amendment
Third of 3 Civil Rights Amendments after Civil War, specifically gives freed males the right to vote.
Fourteenth Amendment
Second of 3 Civil Rights Amendments after Civil War, guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all US Citizens.
Frederick Douglass
A former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionist writer and suffragist
grandfather clause
Allowed a man to vote only if he had an ancestor who voted before 1867 (Reconstruction) or if they could pass a wealth or literacy test.
Harriet Tubman
Born a slave in MD in the early 1820s, Tubman escaped to freedom and became a “conductor” on the Underground Railroad. She led over 70 people to freedom, served in the Union during the civil war, and championed Women’s Suffrage.
Harry S. Truman
33rd US President, Democrat, who served from 1945-1953 after FDR died in office. Truman led the USA out of WWII and into the Cold War.
intermediate standard of review
Standard of judicial review in which the Court determines whether classifications serve an important governmental objective are substantially related to serving that objective. Gender-related legislation automatically accorded this level of review.
Jim Crow Laws
A local or state law in the post-Civil War south designed to keep blacks and whites segregated in public transportation, theaters, schools, hotels, etc.
John F. Kennedy
35th president, a Democrat, served 1961-63. Marked a generational shift in US Politics at the height of the cold war. Assassinated Nov. 22, 1963
Korematsu v. U.S (1944)
1944 ruling upholding the authority of the US government to require mass internment camps of Japanese-Americans during WWII
Lawrence v. Texas (2003)
ruling that anti-sodomy laws violate the constitutional right to privacy
League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
League of United Latin American Citizens: Activist group formed in 1929 against discrimination and pro-assimilation of hispanic Americans.
LBGT community
minority group based on sexual orientation and gender identity
Lucretia Mott
Leading 1800s feminist, suffragist, abolitionist and co-organizer of Seneca Falls Convention
Martin Luther King Jr.
Baptist minister, proponent of non-violence and most prominent Civil rights leader of 50s and 60s until his assassination on August 4th, 1968 in Memphis, TN.
Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund ( MALDEF)
Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund: modeled on NAACP’s fund to promote civil rights of Latin Americans.
National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
1915 combination of NWSA and AWSA.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP)
The legal aim of the NAACP that successfully litigated the landmark case Brown v. Board and a host of other civil rights cases
NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF)
A separate, tax-exempt legal defense fund to devise a strategy to bring about equal educational opportunities for all African American children created by NAACP; headed by Thurgood Marshall
National Organization for Women
NOW
National Organization for Women. Leading activist group of women’s rights movement, especially in the 60s and 70s.
National Women’s Party (NWP)
National Women’s Party- a militant suffrage organization in early 1900s. Members were arrested, jailed, and force-fed during prison hunger strikes
Nineteenth Amendment
Gave women the right to vote. 1920
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
uling that affirms same-sex couples’ right to marriage anywhere in the US.
Plessy v. Ferguson
case challenging Louisiana statute requiring separate railroad compartments for whites/blacks; Court says separate-but-equal does NOT violate 14th Amendment. This case codified separate but equal laws until Brown v. Board (1954).
Poll tax
Taxes levied in the South to disenfranchise poorer voters by requiring a fee to vote
Progressive Era ( 1890-1920)
1890-1920. Period of widespread activism to reform political, economic, and social ills in US.
Rational basis standard of review
Standard of judicial review where a court determines if a rational foundation for discrimination exists, generally given to laws affecting age, wealth, and mental capacity.
Rosa Parks
Leading Civil Rights activist of the 20th century, notable face of the Montgomery Bus Boycott which began Dec. 1, 1955 and lasted 381 days.
Seneca Fall Convention
First major feminist meeting held in NY state in 1848. Produced “Declaration of Sentiments” calling for women’s rights
separate -but equal-doctrine
Doctrine deemed constitutional by Plessy v. Ferguson, used to pass discriminatory legislation across the South in the late 1800s.
standards of review
Standards imposed on Congress by SCOTUS to ensure laws follow 14th Amendment protections.
strict scrutiny
Highest standard of judicial by which SCOTUS judges classifications based on race, or limitations of first-amendment rights
suffrage movement
Drive for voting rights for women in 1800s and early 1900s until 19th Amendment in 1920
Susan B. Anthony
1800s feminist, suffragette, abolitionist, co-founder of NAWSA and member of the National Women’s Party who helped pass 19th amendment.
suspect classifications
Category or class, such as race or a fundamental freedom, that triggers the highest standard of SCOTUS scrutiny.
Thirteenth Amendment
First of 3 Civil Rights Amendments after Civil War, bans slavery.
Title IX
Provision of the Education Amendments of 1972 that stops federal funds from going to schools that discriminate against women.
Thurgood Marshall
Leading Civil Rights lawyer and first head of NAACP’s Legal Defense and Educational Fund. First black SCOTUS member (served 1967-91)
United States v. Windor (2013)
ruling striking down ‘96 Defense of Marriage Act, which prohibited same-sex marriages
