APGOVCHAPTER4AYASHAHUSSAIN

Question 1

Abraham Lincoln

Answer 1

Abraham Lincoln was an American statesman, politician, and lawyer who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in April 1865.

Question 2

Abolitionists

Answer 2

A supporter, especially in the early 1800s, of an end to slavery.

Question 3

Alien and Sedition Acts

Answer 3

Laws passed in 1798 that allowed the imprisonment and deportation of aliens considered dangerous and criminalized false statements against the government.

Question 4

bill of attainder

Answer 4

A law declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial

Question 5

Bill of rights

Answer 5

The first amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which largely guarantee specific rights and liberties.

Question 6

Black Lives Matter(BLM)

Answer 6

A recent social movement focused on direct protest and political activism against police brutality, mass incarceration, and related offenses against Black Americans

Question 7

Burger Court

Answer 7

The period in Supreme Court history during which Warren Burger served as Chief Justice (1969-1986)

Question 8

Capital cases

Answer 8

Court cases in which a conviction may result in the application of the death penalty.

Question 9

Civil Liberties

Answer 9

The personal guarantees and freedoms that the government cannot abridge by law, constitution, and or judicial interpretation.

Question 10

Civil Rights

Answer 10

The government-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals.

Question 11

clear and present danger test

Answer 11

Test articulated by the Supreme Court in Schenck v. U.S (1919) to draw the line between protected and unprotected speech; the Court looks to see “whether the words used” could “create a clear and present danger that they will bring about substantive evils” that Congress seeks to “prevent”.

Question 12

Dejonge v. Oregon (1937)

Answer 12

Supreme Court case that applied the First Amendment’s protections of freedom of assembly to the states.

Question 13

direct incitement test

Answer 13

Test articulated by the Supreme Court in Brandenburg v Ohio (1969) holding that the first amendment protects advocacy of illegal action unless imminent lawless action is intended and likely to occur.

Question 14

double jeopardy clause

Answer 14

Part of the 5th amendment that protects individuals from being tried twice for the same offense in the same jurisdiction.

Question 15

due process clause

Answer 15

Clause contained in the fifth and fourteenth amendments; over the years, it has been construed to guarantee a variety of rights to individuals.

Question 16

due process rights

Answer 16

Protections drew from the fourth amendment and the bill of rights. Due process may be procedural, ensuring fair treatment, or substantive, protecting fundamental rights.

Question 17

Earl Warren

Answer 17

The 14th Chief Justice of the United States who served from 1953 to 1969 and led the Court through an important liberal phase; previously a Republican governor and vice presidential nominee

Question 18

Eighth Amendment

Answer 18

Part of the Bill of Rights that states; Excessive bail shall not be required or excessive fines or cruel and unusual punishment imposed

Question 19

Eighteenth Amendment

Answer 19

A 1913 amendment that created the nationwide prohibition of alcohol. It was repealed in 1933

Question 20

Espionage Act

Answer 20

A 1917 law that prohibited urging resistance to the draft or distributing anti-war leaflets; by the Supreme Court in Schenck v. U.S

Question 21

Establishment clause

Answer 21

The first clause of the first amendment; it directs the national government not to sanction an official religion.

Question 22

exclusionary rule

Answer 22

Judicially created rule that prohibits police from using illegally seized evidence at trial.

Question 23

ex post facto law

Answer 23

Law that makes an act punishable as a crime even if the action was legal at the time it was committed.

Question 24

Fisrt Amdendemt

Answer 24

Part of the Bill of Rights that imposes a number of restrictions on the federal government with respect to civil liberties, including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.

Question 25

Fourth Amendment

Answer 25

Protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures of their persons, houses, papers, and effects without a warrant from a judge among other guarantees.

Question 26

Fifth Amendment

Answer 26

Imposes restrictions on federal government with respect to the rights of persons suspected of committing a crime. It provides for indictment by a grand jury and protection against self incrimination, and prevents the national government from denying a person life, liberty, or property without the due process of law. It also prevents the national government from taking property without just compensation.

Question 27

fourteennth Amendment

Answer 27

One of three major amendments enacted after the Civil War, extending “equal protection of the law” to all citizens.

Question 28

Figthing words

Answer 28

speech that directly incites damaging conduct

Question 29

Free excericse clause

Answer 29

The second clause of the First amendment; it prohibits the U.S government from interfering with a citizen’s right to practice his or her religion

Question 30

Fundamental freedoms

Answer 30

The fundamental freedoms are freedom of expression, freedom of religion, freedom of thought, freedom of belief, freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of association.

Question 31

Gitlow v. New York

Answer 31

A Supreme Court case that extended the First Amendment’s protections of freedom of speech and of the press to the state governments.

Question 32

Grand jury

Answer 32

A group of citizens charged with determining whether enough evidence exists for a case to go to trial.

Question 33

hate speech

Answer 33

any communication that belittles a person or group on the basis of characteristics like race, gender, ethnicity etc

Question 34

incorporation doctrine

Answer 34

An interpretation of the Constitution holding that the due process clause of the 14th amendment requires state and local governments to guarantee the rights stated in the Bill of Rights.

Question 35

Lemon test

Answer 35

Three-part test created by the Supreme Court for examining the constitutionality of religious establishment issues

Question 36

Libel

Answer 36

false written statement that defames a person’s character

Question 37

Miranda rights

Answer 37

In the United States, the Miranda warning is a type of notification customarily given by police to criminal suspects in police custody advising them of their right to silence; that is, their right to refuse to answer questions or provide information to law enforcement or other officials.

Question 38

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Answer 38

In Miranda v. Arizona (1966), the Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination.

Question 39

Miller v. California (1973)

Answer 39

Supreme Court case that created the “Miller test” to determine when sexually-explicit expression was obscene and therefore beyond the protection of the First Amendment.

Question 40

New York Times v Sullivan (1964)

Answer 40

Case in which the Supreme Court concluded that actual malice must be proven to support a finding of libel against a public figure.

Question 41

New york times co v. U.S. (1971)

Answer 41

New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713, was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on the First Amendment. The ruling made it possible for The New York Times and The Washington Post newspapers to publish the then-classified Pentagon Papers without risk of government censorship or punishment

Question 42

Ninth Amendment

Answer 42

Part of the Bill of Rights that makes it clear that enumerating rights in the Constitution or Bill of Rights does not mean that others do not exist.

Question 43

Occupy wall street

Answer 43

A recent social movement that promotes protests and political activism against income inequality and corporate greed.

Question 44

Planned Parenthood of southeastren Pennslyvania v. Casey (1992)

Answer 44

The SC decision in this abortion case replaced the strict scrutiny standard of Roe with the less stringent undue burden standard.

Question 45

Prior restraint

Answer 45

Constitutional doctrine that prevents the government from prohibiting speech or publication before the fact; generally held to be in violation of the First Amendment.

Question 46

right to privacy

Answer 46

the right to a private personal life free from intrusion of the government.

Question 47

Roe v. Wade

Answer 47

The SC found that a woman’s right to an abortion was protected by the right to privacy that could be implied from specific guarantees found in the Bill of Rights applied to the states through the 14th amendment

Question 48

sedition laws

Answer 48

Laws that make it illegal to speak or write any political criticism that threaten to diminish respect for the government, its laws, or public officials. State sedition laws were overturned as a result of the 1925 Gitlow Supreme Court decision

Question 49

selective incorporation

Answer 49

A judicial doctrine whereby most, but not all, protections found in the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states via the 14th amendment.

Question 50

September 11th

Answer 50

The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001

Question 51

sixth amendment

Answer 51

Sets out basic requirements of procedural due process for federal courts to follow in criminal trials. These include the right to a speedy and public trial, impartial juries, trials in the state where the crime was committed, notice of the charges, the right to confront and obtain favorable witnesses and the right to counsel.

Question 52

Slander

Answer 52

Slander

Untrue spoken statements that defame the character of a person

Question 53

Substantive due process

Answer 53

Judicial interpretation of the 5th and 14th amendments; over the years, it has been construed to guarantee a variety of rights to individuals.

Question 54

symoblic speech

Answer 54

Symbols, Signs, and other methods of expression that are considered protected by the 1st amendment

Question 55

Tenth Amendment

Answer 55

The final part of the Bill of Rights that defines the basic principle of American federalism in stating that the powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people.

Question 56

The crown v. Zenger (1753)

Answer 56

Legal case in the colony of New York that is consider a precursor to free press provisions in the Constitution. The case did not set legal precedent, but did reflect a difference between British authorities and colonists with regard to press freedoms.

Question 57

undue durden test

Answer 57

A standard set by the Supreme Court in the Casey case in 1992 that narrowed Roe verses Wade and allowed for greater regulation of abortion by the states

Question 58

Warren court

Answer 58

The period in Supreme Court history during which Earl Warren served as Chief Justice (1953-1969), noted for its many rulings expanding civil liberties and civil rights.

Question 59

Warren E. Burger

Answer 59

The fifteenth Chief Justice of the United States who served from 1969 to 1986 and who led the Court in an increasingly conservative direction.

Question 60

Whole woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt (2016)

Answer 60

SC abortion ruling that struck down state law provisions in Texas as presenting an undue burden on women seeking abortions. This decision invalidated numerous state and local laws that imposed similar limitations on clinics.

Question 61

Writ of habes corpus

Answer 61

Petition requesting that a judge order authorities to prove that a prisoner is being held lawfully and that allows the prisoner to be freed if the government’s case does not persuade the judge. Habeas corpus Rights imply that the prisoners have a right to know what charges are being made against them.