APGOV,CH5,Jonathan.S,

Question 1

Equal Rights Amendments (ERA)

Answer 1

The Equal Rights Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex.

Question 2

Fifteenth Amendment

Answer 2

One of three major amendments ratified after the civil war; specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves

Question 3

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 3

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all U.S. citizens

Question 4

Frederick Douglass

Answer 4

Frederick Douglass was an American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. After escaping from slavery in Maryland, he became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York, gaining note for his oratory and incisive antislavery writings.

Question 5

Grandfather Clause

Answer 5

a clause exempting certain classes of people or things from the requirements of a piece of legislation affecting their previous rights, privileges, or practices.

Question 6

Harriet Tubman

Answer 6

Harriet Tubman was an American abolitionist and political activist. Born into slavery, Tubman escaped and subsequently made some thirteen missions to rescue approximately seventy enslaved people, family and friends, using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad.

Question 7

Intermediate Standard of review

Answer 7

Truman was the 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as vice president. He implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO.

Question 8

Jim Crow Laws

Answer 8

Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. All were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period. The laws were enforced until 1965.

Question 9

John F. Kennedy

Answer 9

was an American politician and journalist who served as the 35th president of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963.

Question 10

Karematsu v. U.S ( 1944)

Answer 10

a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of their citizenship.

Question 11

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

Answer 11

a landmark civil rights case by the United States Supreme Court. The Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6–3 decision and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory.

Question 12

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

Answer 12

the oldest surviving Latino civil rights organization in the U.S. It was established on February 17, 1929, in Corpus Christi, Texas, largely by Hispanic veterans of World War I who sought to end ethnic discrimination against Latinos in the United States.

Question 13

LGBT community

Answer 13

a loosely defined grouping of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, LGBT organizations, and subcultures, united by a common culture and social movements. These communities generally celebrate pride, diversity, individuality, and sexuality.

Question 14

Lucretia Mott

Answer 14

a U.S. Quaker, abolitionist, women’s rights activist, and social reformer. She had formed the idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was amongst the women excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840.

Question 15

Martin Luther King Jr.

Answer 15

an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968.

Question 16

Intermediate Standard of Review

Answer 16

Intermediate scrutiny, in U.S. constitutional law, is the second level of deciding issues using judicial review. The other levels are typically referred to as rational basis review (least rigorous) and strict scrutiny (most rigorous).

Question 17

Mexican American Legal Defence and Educational Fund (MALDEF):

Answer 17

An organization modeled on the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of Mexican and other Hispanic Heritage.

Question 18

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Answer 18

an organization formed on February 18, 1890 to advocate in favor of women’s suffrage in the United States. It was created by the merger of two existing organizations, the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association.

Question 19

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Answer 19

a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as a bi-racial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey.

Question 20

NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF)

Answer 20

The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. is a leading United States civil rights organization and law firm based in New York City.

Question 21

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Answer 21

an American feminist organization founded in 1966. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. states and in Washington, D.C.

Question 22

National Woman’s Party (NWP)

Answer 22

The National Woman’s Party is an American women’s political organization formed in 1916 to fight for women’s suffrage

Question 23

Nineteenth Amendment

Answer 23

Amendment to the Constitution passed in 1920 that granted women the right to vote

Question 24

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Answer 24

a landmark civil rights case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Question 25

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Answer 25

a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as “separate but equal”.

Question 26

Poll Tax

Answer 26

a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual. Head taxes were important sources of revenue for many governments from ancient times until the 19th century.

Question 27

Progressive Era (1890-1920

Answer 27

people who believed that the problems society faced (poverty, violence, greed, racism, class warfare) could best be addressed by providing good education, a safe environment, and an efficient workplace.

Question 28

Rational Basis Standard or Review

Answer 28

the normal standard of review that courts apply when considering constitutional questions, including due process or equal protection questions under the Fifth Amendment or Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 29

Rosa Parks

Answer 29

an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott. The United States Congress has called her “the first lady of civil rights” and “the mother of the freedom movement”

Question 30

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 30

the first women’s rights convention. It advertised itself as “a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman”. Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19–20, 1848.

Question 31

Separate-But-Equal Doctrine

Answer 31

a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law according to which racial segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed “equal protection” under the law to all people.

Question 32

Standards of Review

Answer 32

the standard of review is the amount of deference given by one court (or some other appellate tribunal) in reviewing a decision of a lower court or tribunal. … The standard of review may be set by statute or precedent (stare decisis).

Question 33

Strict Scrutiny

Answer 33

a form of judicial review that courts use to determine the constitutionality of certain laws. … To pass strict scrutiny, the legislature must have passed the law to further a “compelling governmental interest,” and must have narrowly tailored the law to achieve that interest.

Question 34

Suffrage Movement

Answer 34

The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote, a right known as women’s suffrage, and was ratified on August 18, 1920, ending almost a century of protest. In 1848 the movement for women’s rights launched on a national level with the Seneca.

Question 35

Susan B. Anthony

Answer 35

an American social reformer and women’s rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women’s suffrage movement. Born into a Quaker family committed to social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17

Question 36

Suspect Classification

Answer 36

a suspect classification is any classification of groups meeting a series of criteria suggesting they are likely the subject of discrimination.

Question 37

Thirteenth Amendment

Answer 37

One of three major Amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically bans slavery in the United States

Question 38

Title IX

Answer 38

of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 is a federal law that states: “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.”

Question 39

Thurgood Marshall

Answer 39

Thurgood Marshall was an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court’s 96th justice and its first African-American justice

Question 40

United States v. Windsor (2013)

Answer 40

a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting U.S. federal interpretation of “marriage” and “spouse” to apply only to opposite-sex unions, by Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), is unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. In the majority opinion, Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote: “The federal statute is invalid, for no legitimate purpose overcomes the purpose and effect to disparage and to injure those whom the State, by its marriage laws, sought to protect in personhood and dignity.

Question 41

Abolitionist: a supporter

Answer 41

especially in the early nineteenth century, of ending the institution of slavery.

Question 42

Affirmative action

Answer 42

policies designated to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group.

Question 43

American with Disabilities Act

Answer 43

a law enacted by congress in 1990 designated to guarantee accommodation and access for people with a wide range of disabilities.

Question 44

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Answer 44

U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection of the law.

Question 45

Cesar Chavez

Answer 45

Labor organizer who, with Dolores Huerta, founded the United Farm Workers Union in the 1960s.

Question 46

Civil rights

Answer 46

the government-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals.

Question 47

Chinese Exclusion Act

Answer 47

a law passed by Congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into the US from China.

Question 48

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Answer 48

passed by congress to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection to African Americans. Granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions.

Question 49

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 49

wide-ranging legislation passed by congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

Question 50

Dolores Huerta

Answer 50

Labor organizer who, with Cesar Chavez, founded the United Farm Workers Union in the 1960s

Question 51

Dred Scott v. Stanford

Answer 51

A supreme court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights enslaved African Americans. Dredd Scott heightened tensions between the proslavery South and the abolitionist North in the run up to the Civil War.

Question 52

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Answer 52

The thirty fourth president, a republican, who served from 1953 to 1961. Eisenhower commanded Allied Forces during WW 2.

Question 53

Eleanor Roosevelt

Answer 53

First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt championed human rights throughout her life and served as the U.S.’s first delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and later chaired the UN’s Commission on Human Rights.

Question 54

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 54

Leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along Lucretia Mott, organized the Seneca Falls Convention. Stanton later founded the National Woman Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony.

Question 55

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 55

President Abraham Lincoln issued this proclamation on January 1, 1863, in the third year of the Civil War. It freed all slaves in states that were in active rebellion against the United States.

Question 56

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Answer 56

Legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work.

Question 57

Equal protection clause

Answer 57

Section of the Fourteenth Amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive “equal protection of the laws.