Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > APE 7: The Respiratory System > Flashcards

APE 7: The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the nasal septum found?

A

Midline of the nose (sagittal plane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three types of turbinate bones?

A

Superior, middle and inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the spaces found beneath the tubrinate bones?

A

Meatuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three types of meatuses?

A

Superior, middle and inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which 4 bones are found around the nose and what type of bones are these?

A

Maxilla, sphenoid, ethomoid and frontal

Pneumatic bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 4 paired sinuses?

A

Maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where do the paranasal sinuses drain into?

A

Meatuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • lighten skull
  • clean out and humidify air being inhaled
  • clean out particles in mucus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

The hard palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is found beneath the superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae?

A

The superior, middle and inferior meatuses, respectively, and the sphenoethmoidal recess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the nares?

A

Piriform opening into the vestibule of the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the choanae?

A

The internal nares

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

Where your nostrils are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is the olfactory and respiratory region of the nasal mucosa found?

A 
Olfactory= at the roof
Respiratory= main part of nasal cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A fibro-muscular tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is its position relative to the base of the skull and the oesophagus?

A

Attached to the base of the skull superiorly and continuous with the oesophagus inferiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the pharynx and what do they lie posterior to?

A

Nasopharynx- posterior to nasal cavity
Oropharynx- posterior to oral cavity
Laryngopharynx- posterior to larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the raised area in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx for?

A

The opening of the auditory (pharyngotympanic/Eustachian) tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the auditory tube lie directly posterior to?

A

The floor of the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the pharyngeal tonsils?

A

Enlargements of lymphatic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is the isthmus of the fauces found?

A

The space behind the uvula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is found in between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds?

A

The palatine tonsil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where is the lingual tonsil found?

A

At the back of the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the lingual tonsil complete?

A

Waldeyer’s Ring of lymphatic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the purpose of Waldeyer’s Ring?

A

It is the first line of defence into the respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How many constrictor muscles does the pharynx consist of?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does a deficiency in the musculature of the inferior constrictor muscle lead to? What does this cause a difficulty in?

A

Leads to a protrusion (pharyngeal pouch)

Causes difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What prevents food entering the nose or larynx?

A

The epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What might obstruct the pharynx in an unconscious patient and how is it remedied?

A

The tongue

Tilt head back and lift chin (recovery position)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

At which vertebral level is the larynx found?

A

C3-C6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the purpose of the larynx?

A
  • provides a protective sphincter for the air passage

- fundamental to phonation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How many cartilages make up the larynx?

A

9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How many paired/single cartilages does the larynx contain?

A

3 single and 3 paired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the cartilages in the larynx connected by?

A

Ligaments and membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What type of muscles does the larynx have?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the purpose of the intrinsic muscles?

A

Altering the tension in the vocal cords with corresponding changes to the aperture of the glottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How many muscles open the glottis?

A

Only 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the laryngeal muscles supplied by and what is the exception to this?

A

The recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve

Except for the cricothyroid muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the cricothyroid muscle supplied by?

A

The superior laryngeal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

When is the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve liable to be injured and what does it cause?

A

Penetrating trauma

Causes a coarse voice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the opening of the larynx called?

A

The laryngeal orifice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where is the aryepiglottic fold found?

A

On either side of the epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the position of the true vocal cord relative to the false vocal cord?

A

The true vocal cord is inferior to the false vocal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What indicates the position of the larynx?

A

The laryngeal priminence, Adam’s apple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the superior and inferior attachments of the larynx?

A 
Superior= hyoid bone
Inferior= trachea
47
Q

What is found in between the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage?

A

The thyrohyoid ligament

48
Q

What is found in between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage?

A

The cricothyroid ligament

49
Q

Which muscles move the cricoid, thyroid and arytenoid cartilages and the vocal folds?

A

The intrinsic laryngeal muscles

50
Q

Which veretebral level is the hyoid bone found?

A

C3

51
Q

What does the larynx lead to?

A

It leads to the trachea below the cricoid cartilage

52
Q

What do severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) lead to and what does this result in?

A

Leads to laryngeal occlusion from oedema

Results in obstruction of airways

53
Q

What emergency measure relieves anaphylaxis?

A

Puncturing a pen between the hyoid bone and Adam’s apple to allow air to go through
Or use an adrenaline injection

54
Q

How long is the trachea?

A

12cm

55
Q

What does the trachea bifurcate into?

A

The right and left main bronchi

56
Q

Which vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate?

A

T4

57
Q

Where are the tracheal cartilages incomplete?

A

Incomplete posteriorly where the oesopagus lies

58
Q

What is the carina?

A

A ridge of cartilage in the trachea that occurs between the division of the two main bronchi

59
Q

Which bronchus is shorter and wider?

A

The right bronchus

60
Q

What is the clinical significance of the right bronchus being shorter and wider?

A

Things are more likely to get stuck there

61
Q

What is the clinical importance of the vertebral level of T4?

A

It is where the 2nd intercostal joint is found- used to listen to heart sounds

62
Q

On clinical examination what might cause deviation of the trachea?

A

Collapse of one of your lungs

Air filling up in the trachea moves organs to one side

63
Q

Why is the trachea easily identifiable on a plain chets X-ray?

A

As it is made of cartilage which is dense

It’s filled with air

64
Q

Where is the apex on the lung?

A

The blunt superior end of the lung

65
Q

Where does the apex project towards?

A

Above the level of the first rib and into the floor of the neck

66
Q

Where is the base of the lung?

A

The inferior surface of the lung, which sits on the diaphragm

67
Q

What are the borders/marigns of the lungs?

A

Anterior, inferior and posterior

68
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the lungs?

A

Costal, mediastinal and diaphragmatic

69
Q

How many lobes do the right and left lung have and what are they?

A 
Right= 3 lobes- superior, middle and inferior
Left= 2 lobes- superior and inferior
70
Q

Why does the left lobe of the lung only have 2 lobes?

A

Because the heart sits on the left side

71
Q

Where is the mediastinal border?

A

Close to the heart

72
Q

What is the lingula of the lung and which lung is it found on?

A

The tongue of the lung, found on the left

73
Q

What is the cardiac notch and which lung is it found on?

A

Where the heart sits and touches the lung, found on the left

74
Q

What are the two fissures that divide the lobes of the lung?

A

Oblique and horizontal

75
Q

How does the oblique fissure run and which lung(s) is it found on?

A

Runs from the inferior border of the lung in a superoposterior direction, until it meets the posterior lung border
Found on both lungs

76
Q

How does the horizontal fissure run and which lung(s) is it found on?

A

Runs horizontally from the sternum, at the level of the 4th rib, to meet the oblique fissure
Found on the right lung

77
Q

What is the medial surface of the lung called?

A

The mediastinal surface

78
Q

What is found on the mediastinal surface?

A

The hilum of the lung

79
Q

What is the hilum of the lung?

A

Where structures enter and leave the lung

80
Q

What do the 2 main bronchi divide into at the hilum?

A

The pulmonary artery and vein

81
Q

What is the positioning of the structures in the hilum?

A

Arteries are above the veins and bronchus is at the back

82
Q

Surface markings of the lungs?

A 
Apex= above clavicle
Inferior= 10th rib
83
Q

What is the lungs suspended in?

A

The pleural cavity

84
Q

Where is the lungs attached?

A

At the hilum

85
Q

What is the purpose of the pleural cavities?

A

To maintain atmospheric pressure and act as a lubricant

86
Q

What are the two pleural cavities within in the thoracic cavity?

A

Visceral and parietal

87
Q

What are the different parietal pleuras?

A

Costal, diaphragmatic, cervical and mediastinal

88
Q

What are the recesses?

A

The spaces between the cavities that fill up during deep inspiration

89
Q

What are the 2 pleural recesses?

A

Costodiaphragmatic, and costomediastinal

90
Q

What is the visceral pleura continuous with?

A

With the mediastinal pleura at the root of the lung

91
Q

What is the pressure in the thoracic cavity and what will happen if there’s any connection from within the lung or the outside?

A

Sub-atmospheric pressure, any connection from within the lung/outside will lead to air rushing in to the pleural cavity

92
Q

What causes air rushing into the pleural cavity ad what is the result?

A

Penetrating trauma, causes pneumothorax

93
Q

What are the names given to blood or pus in the pleural cavity?

A

Haemothorax or pyothorax

94
Q

How is haemothorax/pyothorax treated?

A

Chest drain

95
Q

What are the surface markings of the pleura?

A

Mid-clavicular, mid-axillary and mid-scapular lines

96
Q

What is the mediastinum divided into?

A

Superior and inferior

Inferior is further divided into anterior, middle and posterior compartments

97
Q

What is found in the thoracic cavity?

A

Sternum, thoracic vertebrae, ribs and costal cartilages

98
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

99
Q

How many ribs are there?

A

12 pairs

100
Q

What forms the roof and floor of the thoracic cavity?

A 
Roof= supra-pleural membrane
Floor= diaphragm
101
Q

What is the purpose of the thoracic cage?

A

It protects vital organs and enables breathing

102
Q

What is the importance of the level of the manubriosternal joint?

A

As it forms the sternal angle which is an important clinical landmark for identifying other anatomical points

103
Q

What does the diaphragm do?

A

Separates the thorax from the abdomen

104
Q

What are the 3 types of rib?

A

True, false and floating

105
Q

What is the difference between the different types of rib?

A 
True= connect directly to the sternum
False= ribs which connect to the costal cartilages of the rib above
Floating= only connect at the back
106
Q

How many true, false and floating ribs are there?

A

True= 7 False= 3 Floating= 2

107
Q

What is the structure of a typical rib?

A

Head, neck and body/shaft

108
Q

What is the position of the external and internal intercostal muscles and membrane relative to the thoracic cage?

A 
External= anterior to the thoracic cage
Internal= posterior to the thoracic cage
109
Q

What is the position of the neurovascular bundle of the intercostal space?

A

Between 2 ribs, each bundle is inferior to its rib (NAV)

110
Q

Where would a chest drain be inserted with respect to the ribs?

A

Superior to the inferior rib

111
Q

What do the intercostal muscles do?

A

Assist in the expansion of the rib cage

112
Q

What other muscles, other than the intercostal muscles, assist in breathing and what type of breathing?

A

Accessory muscles

Heavy breathing

113
Q

Give some examples of accessory muscles

A

Trapezius, pec minor and major, latissimus dorsi, serratus anterior

Anatomy (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions