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Anatomy > APE 11: The GI System and the Abdomen > Flashcards

APE 11: The GI System and the Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 different salivary glands?

A

Submadibular, parotid and sublingual

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2
Q

Where is the submandibular gland found?

A

Under the body of the mandible, floor of the mouth

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3
Q

Where is its orifice found?

A

Under the tongue, in the floor of the mouth

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4
Q

Where is the parotid gland found?

A

Between the ramus of the mandible and the external ear

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5
Q

Which muscle is anterior to the parotid gland?

A

The masseter muscle

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6
Q

What is formed at the superior base of the parotid gland?

A

The external acoustic meatus

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7
Q

How is the parotid gland related to the facial nerve?

A

The parotid gland is the origin of the extracranial part of the facial nerve

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8
Q

What is the clinical importance of the relationship between the parotid gland and the facial nerve?

A

During parotid gland surgery- facial nerve innervate muscles of facial expression so it could be damaged

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9
Q

How does the parotid duct run?

A

It runs anteriorly from the parotid gland to pierce the buccinator muscle

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10
Q

Where does the parotid gland enter the mouth?

A

Adjacent to the crown of the second upper molar tooth

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11
Q

Where is the sublingual gland found?

A

Under the tongue

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12
Q

What is the position of the sublingual gland with respect to the submandibular duct?

A

It is immediately lateral to the submandibular duct

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13
Q

Where are the hard and soft palates found?

A

Both at the roof of the mouth

Hard= more anterior than the soft

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14
Q

What are the three papillae found on the tongue and which part?

A

Fungiform and filiform, on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Circumvalate, form a V shape posteriorly

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15
Q

What is the purpose of papillae?

A

They increase the surface area of contact between the surface of the tongue and the contents of the oral cavity

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16
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx?

A

Posterior to the posterior apertures of the nasal cavity, above level of soft palate

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17
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A

Posterior to oral cavity, inferior to the level of the soft palate and superior to the upper margin of the epiglottis

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18
Q

What are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx?

A

Extends from superior margin of epiglottis to top of oesophagus at C1

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19
Q

What is found distally to the epiglottis?

A

Larynx

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20
Q

What must you not do in suspected cases of epiglottitis?

A

Not attempt to examine child’s throat, not place anything in their mouth, not lay them on their back

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21
Q

At which vertebral level does the oesophagus begin?

A

C6

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22
Q

The fibres of which nerve runs to the right and left of the oesophagus?

A

Vagus nerve initially runs on the right and left, as it passes through the diaphragm:
Left= anteriorly
Right= posteriorly

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23
Q

What does the oesophagus pass through?

A

The oesophageal hiatus

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24
Q

What is the vertebral level of the opening of the oesophageal hiatus?

A

T10

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25
Q

What is the common clinical problem associated with the oesophageal hiatus?

A

Hiatus hernia and heartburn

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26
Q

Which plexus surrounds the oesophagus?

A

The oesophageal plexus

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27
Q

What are the two main muscles of mastication?

A

Temporalis and masseter

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28
Q

Which muscle of mastication is the most powerful?

A

Masseter

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29
Q

What is the difference between the masseter and temporalis muscles?

A

Masseter- only elevates the jaw

Temporalis- elevates and retracts the jaw

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30
Q

What is the role of buccinator in chewing?

A

Holds cheek to the teeth and assists with chewing

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31
Q

What is the importance of buccinator in infants?

A

Sucking reflex

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32
Q

What is the transpyloric plane?

A

The horizontal line halfway between suprasternal notch and pubic symphysis

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33
Q

Which vertebral level is the transpyloric plane on?

A

L1

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34
Q

Which other structures are found on the transpyloric plane?

A

Pylorus, neck of pancreas, hila of both kidneys

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35
Q

What are the names of the two horizontal planes of the abdomen?

A

Subcostal and transtubercular

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36
Q

At which vertebral levels are the two horizontal planes found?

A 
Subcostal= L3
Transtubercular= L5
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37
Q

What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?

A

Right Upper, Right Lower, Left Upper and Left Lower

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38
Q

Which organs lie in the Right Upper Quadrant?

A

Liver, right kidney, colon, pancreas and gall bladder

39
Q

Which organs lie in the Right Lower Quadrant?

A

Appendix, colon, small intestine and ureter

40
Q

Which organs lie in the Left Upper Quadrant?

A

Stomach, left kidney, spleen, colon and pancreas

41
Q

Which organs lie in the Left Lower Quadrant?

A

Colon, small intestine and ureter

42
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?

A

Right and left hypochondrion, epigastric, right and left lumbar, umbilical, right and left iliac and hypogastric

43
Q

Where is the parietal peritoneum found?

A

On the internal aspect of the abdominal wall

44
Q

In cases of peritonitis, which two clinical signs are elicited on palpation?

A

Abdominal pain/tenderness and distention in abdomen

45
Q

What is continuous with the parietal peritoneum and what does it cover?

A

Visceral peritoneum, covers the internal organs

46
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

A sheath that hangs down over the intestines

47
Q

Why is the greater omentum sometimes referred to as the abdominal policeman?

A

As it fights ‘intra-abdominal’ infection

48
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

A potential space between the walls of the abdominal cavity and the viscera

49
Q

Where is the lesser omentum found?

A

The peritoneal fold between the lesser curvature and the porta hepatis

50
Q

Where is the opening to the lesser sac found?

A

Behind the right edge of the lesser omentum

51
Q

What is the name of the opening of the lesser omentum?

A

The epiploic foramen (foramen of Winslow)

52
Q

What are the different features of the stomach?

A

Fundus, body, pyloric antrum, greater and lesser curvature and rugae

53
Q

What is continuous with the pylorus?

A

The duodenum

54
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

The thickening at the junction between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum

55
Q

Which trunk supplies the foregut?

A

Coeliac trunk

56
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the coeliac trunk?

A

Left gastric, splenic and common hepatic

57
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

A

Left, right, quadrate and caudate

58
Q

Which structures enter the porta hepatis?

A

Bile duct, hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery

59
Q

What are the component parts of the gallbladder?

A

Neck, body and fundus

60
Q

Where does the peritoneal cavity extend between and what is the name of the cavity?

A

Between the liver and the diaphragm

Subphrenic space

61
Q

What is the name of the pouch between the liver and the right kidney?

A

The hepatorenal pouch

62
Q

How would you examine a patient with hepatomegaly?

A

Palpation and percussion

63
Q

Which two ducts join to form the common bile duct?

A

The cystic duct and the common hepatic duct

64
Q

Which organ does the common bile duct first enter?

A

Pancreas

65
Q

What is cholecystitis?

A

Inflammation of gallbladder

66
Q

What is cholelithiasis?

A

Formation of gallstones

67
Q

What can happen if a gallstone blocks the common bile duct?

A

Bile builds up in the liver causing jaundice (yellowing of liver) which develops due to bilirubin in the blood

68
Q

Which is a more serious condition that may block the common bile duct?

A

Pancreatic cancer

69
Q

What are the ligaments on the spleen on .w.here do they attach?

A

Spleno-renal/lieno-renal ligament- attachment to the posterior abdominal wall
Gastro-splenic ligament- attachment to the stomach

70
Q

Where is the notch of the spleen found?

A

On the antero-inferior border

71
Q

Where would you begin palpation for an enlarged spleen?

A

Right lower quadrant

72
Q

Why may the spleen be the cause of a surgical emergency?

A

If it doesn’t work properly it may start to remove healthy blood cells

73
Q

Is the pancreas intra or retro-peritoneal?

A

Retro-peritoneal

74
Q

What are the 4 components of the pancreas?

A

Head, neck, body and tail

75
Q

Which artery runs along the superior border of the pancreas?

A

The splenic artery

76
Q

Which artery is immediately distal to the neck of the pancreas?

A

Superior mesentric artery

77
Q

Which structure is C shaped?

A

The duodenum

78
Q

What does the duodenum enclose?

A

The pancreas

79
Q

What is found on the posterior wall of the the duodenum what does this form a junction between?

A

Duodenal papilla

Forms a junction between the foregut and midgut

80
Q

What does the duodenum continue to become?

A

The jejunum

81
Q

What are the 2 junctions of the small intestine?

A

The duodeno-jejunal junction and the iliocaecal junction

82
Q

What does the jejunum become after the first 3/5 of the small intestine?

A

Ileum

83
Q

What is the name of the peritoneum that suspends the small intestine?

A

The mesentery

84
Q

Where do the blood vessels passing the mesentery originate from?

A

The superior mesenteric artery

85
Q

Which artery supplies the midgut?

A

The superior mesenteric artery

86
Q

What is the root of the mesentery?

A

The attachment of the mesentery to the posterior abdominal wall
Extends from the duodenojejunal flexure to the ileocoecal junction

87
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the colon?

A

Ascending, transvere, descending and sigmoid

88
Q

Which parts of the colon are retroperitoneal and don’t have a mesentery?

A

The ascending and descending colon

89
Q

What is the dip in the peritoneum lateral to the ascending and descending colon?

A

The paracolic gutters

90
Q

What can happen in the paracolic gutters and what can this lead to?

A

Fluid may collect in and course through these gutter, potentially spreading infection

91
Q

Which artery supplies the splenic flexure and beyond, which part of the gut does this supply?

A

The inferior mesenteric artery, supplies the hindgut

92
Q

What is the name given to the mesentery of the transverse colon?

A

Transverse mesocolon

93
Q

What does the descending colon become?

A

The sigmoid colon and then finally the rectum

94
Q

Do the sigmoid colon and rectum have a mesentery?

A

Sigmoid colon and upper part of the rectum have a mesentery but the lower part lies below the peritoneum

Anatomy (9 decks)

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