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Anatomy > APE 12: Cranial Cavity and Gross Brain Anatomy > Flashcards

APE 12: Cranial Cavity and Gross Brain Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones does the skull consist of?

A

22

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2
Q

What are the joints between the bones of the skull an example of?

A

Syndesmosis- fibrous joints

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3
Q

How many of the bones form the cranium?

A

8

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4
Q

How many bones form the face?

A

14

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5
Q

What are the two orbital cavities found in the skull?

A

Obicularis oris and obicularis oculi

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6
Q

What does the piriform aperture lead to?

A

The nasal cavity

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7
Q

What are the margins of the orbit?

A

Supraorbital, infraorbital and lateral

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8
Q

Which 4 bones contribute to the orbit?

A

Zygomatic, maxilla, frontal and ethmoid

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9
Q

Where do the turbinate bones arise from?

A

From the lateral wall of the nose

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10
Q

What are the names of the turbinate bones?

A

Superior, middle and inferior

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11
Q

What are the names of the 3 sutures in the skull?

A

Lambdoid, squamosal and sagittal

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12
Q

What is the name of the area on the skull where all the sutures meet?

A

Pterion

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13
Q

Which structure lies beneath the pterion?

A

The middle meningeal artery

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14
Q

What is the clinical significance of the middle meningeal artery?

A

Attaches directly to the cranial bones- common injuries during head trauma

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15
Q

What are the 3 recesses on the undersurface of the brain?

A

Anterior middle and posterior cranial fossae

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16
Q

Which parts of the brain fit into each fossae?

A 
Anterior= frontal lobe
Middle= temporal lobe
Posterior= occipital lobe
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17
Q

What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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18
Q

Which nerve filaments pass transmit through the opening of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?

A

The olfactory nerve

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19
Q

Which nerve runs through the optic canal?

A

The optic nerve

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20
Q

Which 3 foramen are found in the middle cranial fossa and what do they transmit?

A

Foramen rotundum, foramen ovale and foramen lacerum

Transmit cranial nerves

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21
Q

Which important structure lies in the sella turcica?

A

The pituitary gland

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22
Q

Which vessel enters the cranium through the carotid canal?

A

The internal carotid artery

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23
Q

Which structures are found in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

The internal auditory meatus, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal and foramen magnum

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24
Q

Which nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A

Nerves 3-6: Occulomotor, trochlea, opthalmic branch of trigeminal and abducens

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25
Q

Which nerve passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

Maxillary branch of trigeminal

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26
Q

Which nerve passes through the foramen ovale?

A

Mandibular branch of trigeminal

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27
Q

Which nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

Facial and vestibulocochlear

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28
Q

Which nerves pass through the jugular foramen?

A

Glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory

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29
Q

Which nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

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30
Q

What are the main parts of a brain?

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem

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31
Q

What 3 components make up the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

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32
Q

What does the cerebrum control?

A

Personality, memory and intelligence

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33
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

Balance, muscular co-ordination and dexterity

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34
Q

What does the brain stem control?

A

Normal conscious awareness and basic life support functions

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35
Q

Where is the longitudinal fissure found?

A

Between the two cerebral hemispheres

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36
Q

Where is the transverse fissure found?

A

Between the cerebrum and cerebellum

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37
Q

Where is the lateral sulcus found?

A

Between the frontal and temporal lobes

38
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Frontal, occipital, parietal and temporal

39
Q

What do each of the lobes contain?

A 
Frontal= primary motor cortex
Parietal= primary somatic sensory cortex
Occipital= primary visual cortex
Temporal= primary auditory context
40
Q

What are the folds found on the surface of the brain called?

A

Gyri

41
Q

What separates the gyri?

A

The sulci/grooves

42
Q

What links both the cerebral hemispheres?

A

The corpus callosum

43
Q

How many meninges cover the brain?

A

3

44
Q

What is the outermost meninx called and what is it tightly adhered to?

A

Dura mater, tightly adhered to bone so often remains attached to the inside of the skull

45
Q

What is the name of the sickle-shaped fold of dura mater that occupies the interval between the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

The falx cerebri

46
Q

What is the name of the fold of the dura mater that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

A

The tentorium cerebelli

47
Q

What are the names given to the channels formed by the separation of the dura mater and what do they do?

A

Dural venous sinuses which receive blood from the brain

48
Q

Name the different dural venous sinuses

A

Superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, sigmoid, transverse and straight

49
Q

What is the clinical term for bleeding between the skull and dura mater and what can this cause?

A

Extra-dural haemorrhage which can cause life-threatening pressure on the brain

50
Q

What are the other two meninges?

A

Arachnoid and pia mater

51
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

Very narrow space over the surface of the brain that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

52
Q

What happens to the arachnoid mater in bacterial meningitis?

A

It becomes acutely inflammated and pus fills the subarachnoid space and surrounds the vessels

53
Q

What does the fluid-filled cavity corresponding to the lumen of the embryonic neural tube give rise to?

A

The ventricular system

54
Q

What are the different ventricles found in the brain?

A

Lateral, third and fourth

55
Q

What do the lateral ventricles drain into?

A

They drain via the two interventricular foramen to the third ventricle

56
Q

Where is the third ventricle located?

A

In the midline between the two thalami

57
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle located?

A

Between the brainstem which is anterior and the cerebellum which is posterior

58
Q

What connects the third and fourth ventricles?

A

The cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain

59
Q

Which plexus continuously secretes CSF?

A

The choroid plexus

60
Q

How does the CSF reach the subarachnoid space?

A

Flows through the choroid plexus, to the 4th ventricle and into the subarachnoid space via 3 openings

61
Q

Where is the CSF continuously reabsorbed?

A

The superior sagittal sinus

62
Q

What does an obstruction within the ventricular system of the foetus result in?

A

Exapnsion of the brain and skull- hydrocephalus

63
Q

At which point is a needle inserted to perform lumbar puncture to sample the CSF?

A

L3/L4

64
Q

What do the pyramids of the medulla contain and where do they descend?

A

Contain voluntary motor fibres

Descend from frontal lobes to spinal cord

65
Q

What would damage to the medulla oblongata cause?

A

Weakness/paralysis

66
Q

Where is the pons found relative to the medulla?

A

The pons is found superior to the medulla

67
Q

What are the two ‘Roman pillars’ of the midbrain called and what are they separated by?

A

Called cerebral peduncles, separated by interpeduncular fossa

68
Q

What are the 4 colliculi and what are they concerned with?

A

2 superior and 2 inferior

Concerned with visual and auditory reflexes

69
Q

Which two nerves arise from the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Olfactory and optic (1 and 2)

70
Q

Where does the olfactory nerve arise?

A

In the nasal mucosa

71
Q

What is the target of the olfactory nerve?

A

The olfactory bulb and the tract

72
Q

Where do the 2 optic nerves unite and then what do they divide into?

A

Unite at the chiasm and divide again to become optic tracts

73
Q

What is the clinical significance of the chiasm being situated just above the pituitary gland?

A

Visual field defects

74
Q

Which 2 nerves arise from the midbrain?

A

Oculomotor and trochlear (3 and 4)

75
Q

Where does the oculomotor nerve emerge from?

A

The interpeduncular fossa, between the cerebral peduncles

76
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve supply?

A

4 out of 6 of the extraocular muscles

77
Q

Where does the trochlear nerve arise from?

A

The posterior aspect of the midbrain

78
Q

Which muscle does the trochlear nerve supply?

A

A single extraocular muscle

79
Q

Which single cranial nerve exits dorsally?

A

Trochlear nerve

80
Q

Which 4 nerves arise from the pons?

A

Trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear (5, 6, 7 and 8)

81
Q

What does the trigeminal nerve supply?

A

Facial sensation and muscles of mastication

82
Q

What does the abducens nerve supply?

A

A single extraocular muscle

83
Q

What does the facial nerve supply?

A

Muscles of facial expression and taste fibres (anterior 2/3 of the tongue)

84
Q

What does the vestibulocochlear nerve supply?

A

The middle ear- concerned with hearing and balance

85
Q

Which 4 nerves arise from the medulla?

A

Glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal (9, 10, 11 and 12)

86
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply?

A

Mainly a sensory nerve- supplies pharyngeal sensation (gag reflex) and taste fibres (posterior 1/3 of tongue)

87
Q

What does the vagus nerve supply?

A

Muscles of speech and swallowing, is the parasympathetic nerve of thorax and abdomen till splenic flexure of colon

88
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation below the splenic flexure of the colon?

A

From the sacral outflow in the pelvic splanchnic nerves- S2, 3, 4

89
Q

What are the two aspects of the accessory nerve and what do they do?

A

Cranial portion= joins the vagus nerve

Spinal portion= supplies trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles of the neck

90
Q

Which nerve emerges by itself?

A

The hypoglossal nerve (12)

91
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve supply?

A

Purely a motor nerve, supplies intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Anatomy (9 decks)

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