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Anatomy > APE 6: The Heart and Central Vasculature > Flashcards

APE 6: The Heart and Central Vasculature Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the right and left side of the heart?

A 
Right= collecting blood from the body and passing it to the lungs
Left= collecting blood from the lungs and passing it through to the body
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2
Q

Which is thicker: ventricles or atria? Why?

A

Ventricles are thicker because they require blood to be pumped for a greater distance, therefore the blood is at higher pressure. This means the walls need to be thicker to withstand this pressure

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3
Q

What is found at the diaphragmatic, sterno-costal and posterior aspects of the heart?

A 
Diaphragmatic= Left and right ventricles
Sterno-costal= Right ventricle
Posterior= Left atrium
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4
Q

What are the 4 borders of the heart?

A

Right, left, superior and inferior

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5
Q

What are the 2 auricles of the atrial wall?

A

Left and right auricles

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6
Q

Where are the atrioventricular and the interventricular grooves?

A 
Atrioventricular= between atria and ventricles
Interventricular= between both ventricles
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7
Q

What is the major vessel arising from the heart and what is at its base?

A

Aorta, aortic valve at its base

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8
Q

How many cusps does the aortic valve have? What is found above them?

A

3 cusps, sinuses found above them

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9
Q

Which two sinuses do the coronary arteries arise from?

A

The anterior and left posterior sinuses

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10
Q

What is the name for the opening of a sinus?

A

Ostia

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11
Q

What do the atrioventricular grooves contain?

A

Coronary arteries

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12
Q

What is the origin of the right coronary artery?

A

Between the right auricle and the root of the pulmonary trunk

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13
Q

Which arteries supply the heart walls?

A

Coronary arteries

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14
Q

Where does the right coronary artery pass round?

A

Passes round the diaphragmatic border of the heart and into the posterior interventricular groove

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15
Q

What does the right coronary artery supply?

A

The AV node

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16
Q

What does the right coronary artery give rise to?

A

The posterior descending artery

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17
Q

What does the left coronary artery give rise to?

A

The left anterior descending artery

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18
Q

Which artery is most commonly involved in myocardial infarction?

A

Left anterior descending artery

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19
Q

What is the aorta the main trunk of?

A

Systemic arteries

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20
Q

Which way does the arch of aorta curve and then descend?

A

To the left

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21
Q

At which level does the arch of aorta begin and end?

A

At the level of the ‘trans-thoracic plane’- T4/5

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22
Q

What are the three branches of the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

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23
Q

What are the two branches of the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

Right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery

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24
Q

Which vertebral level does the arch terminate at and what does it bifurcate into?

A

L4, bifurcates into the left and right common iliac arteries

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25
Q

What drains blood from the upper half of the body to the heart’s right atrium?

A

Superior vena cava

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26
Q

What drains blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium?

A

Inferior vena cava

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27
Q

What is the entry point into the heart of the superior vena cava?

A

When the right and left brachiocephalic veins meet

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28
Q

What is the surface marking of the entry point of the superior vena cava into the heart?

A

The lower border of the 1st right costal cartilage

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29
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava originate?

A

At the juction of the right and left common iliac veins

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30
Q

At which vertebral level does the inferior vena cava enter the heart?

A

T8

31
Q

What is the position of a normal heart with relation to the vertebral column?

A

T4-T8

32
Q

What is the heart contained within?

A

The pericardium

33
Q

What are the surface markings of the pericardium?

A

Diaphragm, phrenic nerves and major vessels superior to the heart

34
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

Bleeding into the cardiac sac

35
Q

How can cardiac tamponade be relieved?

A

Pericardiocentesis- drainage of fluid in pericardial sac

36
Q

What is the relevant surface marking of relieving cardiac tamponade?

A

Manubriosternal joint

37
Q

What is the name of the outer layer of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium

38
Q

What is the name of the inner layer of the pericardium?

A

Parietal serous pericardium

39
Q

What is the name of the layer of the pericardium that is continuous with the heart?

A

Visceral serous pericardium

40
Q

What does serous mean and what does it enable?

A

Serous means that it produces some fluid, allows friction-free movement of the heart inside the sac

41
Q

What are the pulmonary arteries?

A

Arteries whereby deoxygenated blood passes from the heart to the lungs

42
Q

How many pulmonary arteries are there and where do they arise from?

A

2, arise from the pulmonary trunk

43
Q

What are the pulmonary veins?

A

Veins whereby oxygenated blood enters the heart from the lungs

44
Q

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm and at which vertebral level is this?

A

Phrenic nerve- C3,4,5

45
Q

What causes the heart sounds heard through a stethoscope?

A

The closure of heart valves

46
Q

Where are sounds from the pulmonary valve best heard?

A

The 2nd left intercostal space

47
Q

Which chamber forms the apex of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

48
Q

Where is the pulsations of the apex beat typically felt?

A

In the 5th left intercostal space, in the midclavicular line

49
Q

Where is the sounds from the mitral valve best heard?

A

In the 5th left intercostal space, in the midclavicular line

50
Q

What causes enlargement of the heart?

A

Heart failure

51
Q

Where are sounds from the aortic valve best heard?

A

2nd right intercostal space

52
Q

What is stenosis and incompetence?

A 
Stenosis= valves becoming stiffer/narrowed
Incompetence= valves becoming weakened/leaky
53
Q

What can stenosis/incompetence lead to? What can be heard/palpated because of this?

A

Leads to a turbulent flow of blood
Murmur can heard
Thrill can be felt when apex is palpated

54
Q

What forms the inferior vena cava and at which vertebral level?

A

Forms by the unuon of the 2 common illiac veins, at L5 level

55
Q

What are the 3 openings of the right atrium?

A

Superior and inferior caval and coronary sinus

56
Q

What are the musculi pectinati

A

Ridges in the right atrium of the heart

57
Q

What is the crista terminalis

A

It is what divides the musculi pectinati

58
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

The remnant of the fossa ovale in the foetal heart which allows right to left shunting of blood to bypass the lungs

59
Q

When does the fossa ovale close?

A

When the newborn takes its first breath

60
Q

What is the interatrial spetum?

A

The solid muscular wall that separates the right and left atrium

61
Q

Which chamber forms most of the anterior (ventral) surface of the heart?

A

The right ventricle

62
Q

What are the two large openings in the walls of the right ventricle?

A

The right atrioventricular orifice and the orifice of the pulmonary trunk

63
Q

How many cusps does the right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve contain?

A

3

64
Q

What is the cordae tendinae?

A

The strong fibrous cords

65
Q

What are the cordae tendinae attached to?

A

The cusps of the tricuspid valve and the papillary muscles

66
Q

Where do the papillary muscles project from?

A

The ventricular walls

67
Q

What are the trabeculae carnae?

A

Irregular bundles and bands of muscles

68
Q

Where do the trabeculae carnae project from?

A

The inner surface of the ventricles

69
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

Smooth walled part, lines the right ventricle, leads to the pulmonary trunk

70
Q

How many pulmonary veins does the left atrium receive?

A

4 altogether, two from each lung

71
Q

What does the left ventricle occupy?

A

A small part of the sterno-costal surface and about 2/3 of the diapragmatic surface of the heart and the apex

72
Q

What is the orifice leading into the aorta and what is the valve guarding it?

A

Aortic orifice and semi-lunar valve

73
Q

What is increased resistance in peripheral vasculature usually caused by and what is the cause of this?

A

Caused by hypertension

Causes hypertrophy of musculature of the left ventricle

Anatomy (9 decks)

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