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Anatomy > APE 3: The Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

APE 3: The Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How many spinal nerve roots supply the upper limb?

A

5

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2
Q

Which spinal nerve roots supply the upper limb?

A

C5-T1

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3
Q

How many trunks does the brachial plexus have and what are they?

A
  • three trunks

- superior, middle and inferior

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4
Q

What do the trunks of the brachial plexus cross?

A

The posterior triangle of the neck

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5
Q

How many divisions does the brachial plexus have and what are they?

A
  • six divisions

- anterior and posterior parts of each trunk

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6
Q

How many cords does the brachial plexus have and what are they?

A
  • three cords

- lateral, posterior and medial

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7
Q

Which nerves make up the 5 main branches of the brachial plexus?

A
  • Musculocutaneous nerve
  • Axillary nerve
  • Median nerve
  • Radial nerve
  • Ulnar nerve
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8
Q

Which muscles does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

A

Brachialis, biceps brachii and coracobrachialis

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9
Q

What muscles does the axillary nerve innervate?

A

Teres minor and deltoid muscles

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10
Q

What muscles does the median nerve innervate?

A

Most of flexor muscles in arm, thenar muscles, lateral palmar- first 3 and a half digits

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11
Q

What muscles does the radial nerve innervate?

A

Triceps brachii and muscles in posterior compartment of forearm

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12
Q

What muscles does the ulnar nerve innervate?

A

Muscles of the hand, flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum profundus

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13
Q

Where is the axillary nerve most vulnerable to damage?

A

Within the axilla

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14
Q

When might the axillary nerve be injured?

A

By direct trauma to the shoulder, fracture of the humeral surgical neck, shoulder dislocation

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15
Q

What won’t the patient be able to do with a damaged axillary nerve?

A

Unable to abduct shoulders, shoulder becomes flattened in appearance

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16
Q

Where is the radial nerve most vulnerable to damage?

A

In the radial groove

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17
Q

What will cause damage to the radial nerve?

A

Fracture of the humeral shaft

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18
Q

What will be seen in a patient with damage to the radial nerve?

A

Inability to extend wrist and fingers, causes wrist drop

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19
Q

Where is the ulnar nerve most vulnerable to damage?

A

As it passes behind the medial epicondyle of the humerus

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20
Q

What can cause damage to the ulnar nerve?

A

Trauma at the level of the medial epicondyle (at the elbow)

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21
Q

What can be seen in a patient with damage to the ulnar nerve?

A

Flexion of the wrist is accompanied by abduction, abduction and adduction of the fingers and thumb can’t occur, movement of 4th and 5th digits is impaired

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22
Q

Where is the median nerve most vulnerable to damage?

A

Deep to the flexor retinaculum in the wrist

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23
Q

What can cause damage to the median nerve?

A

Lacerations just proximal to the flexor retinaculum, carpal tunnels syndrome

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24
Q

What can be seen in a patient with damage to the median nerve

A

Paralysed thenar muscles and two lateral lumbricals

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25
Q

How many spinal roots supply the lower limb?

A

8

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26
Q

Which spinal nerve roots supply the lower limb?

A

L1-S3

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27
Q

What spinal nerve roots supply just the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4

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28
Q

What does the lumbar plexus branch within?

A

Psoas major muscle

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29
Q

What is lateral and medial to the psoas major muscle

A

Lateral is the femoral nerve

Medial is the obturator nerve

30
Q

Which compartments of the thigh does the lumbar plexus supply?

A

Anterior and medial compartments

31
Q

What is the rest of the lower limb supplied by?

A

The sacral plexus

32
Q

Which spinal nerve roots supply the sacral plexus?

A

S1-S3 and the lumbosacral trunk (L4/L5)

33
Q

Where is the sciatic nerve found?

A

Inferior to the piriformis muscle and deep to the hamstring muscle

34
Q

How can the sciatic nerve be commonly injured?

A

Intramuscular injections

35
Q

Which compartment of the thigh does the sciatic nerve supply?

A

Posterior compartment

36
Q

Which two branches does the sciatic nerve bifurcate into

A

Tibial nerve and common fibular (peroneal) nerve

37
Q

What does the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve supply?

A

The posterior thigh (hamstrings) muscles

38
Q

Which other muscles does the tibial nerve supply?

A

Soleus and gastrocnemius

39
Q

Where does the common fibular nerve wrap around?

A

The neck of the fibula

40
Q

What causes damage to the common fibular nerve?

A

Fracture to the fibula or tight plaster cast

41
Q

What happens as a result of damage to the common fibular nerve?

A

Foot drop

42
Q

Which compartment of the thigh does the femoral nerve supply?

A

Anterior compartment of the thigh (quadriceps)

43
Q

What 2 actions is the quadriceps muscle responsible for?

A

Hip flexion and leg extension

44
Q

Which compartment of the thigh does the obturator nerve supply?

A

Medial compartment (adductor)

45
Q

What type of pathology can cause irritation to the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Ovarian pathology

46
Q

How many roots attach a spinal nerve to the cord?

A

2

47
Q

What does the anterior (ventral) root contain?

A

Motor fibres leaving the spinal cord

48
Q

What does the posterior (dorsal) root contain?

A

Sensory fibres entering the spinal cord

49
Q

Which root contains a ganglion?

A

The dorsal root

50
Q

What does the dorsal root ganglia contain?

A

The cell bodies of primary sensory neurons

51
Q

How are the nerves numbers with respect to their vertebrae and what is the exception to this?

A

Number of vertebrae is the same as the number of nerves

Exception= cervical region where there’s 8 nerves but only 7 vertebrae

52
Q

How do nerves travel with respect to their vertebrae and what is the exception to this?

A

A nerve always travels inferiorly to its vertebrae
Exception= in cervical vertebrae, 7 nerve are all superior to its vertebrae and the 8th nerve is inferior to the 7th vertebra

53
Q

What do the nerves divide into?

A

Anterior and posterior primary rami

54
Q

Where does the posterior rami pass to and what does it supply?

A

Passes dorsally to supply the extensor muscles of the spine and overlying skin

55
Q

Where does the anterior rami pass to and what does it supply?

A

Passes ventral to supply the limbs and the body wall

56
Q

Which common viral infection can affect the skin of an individual dermatome?

A

Shingles, herpes virus

57
Q

What are the intercostal nerves?

A

Spinal nerves emerging from the vertebral column and running with the ribs

58
Q

How many intercostal and subcostal nerves are there and where does the subcostal nerve run?

A

11 intercostal and 1 subcostal

The subcostal nerve runs under rib 12

59
Q

What are the two ‘beads on string’ that run on either side of the vertebral column?

A

The sympathetic chains

60
Q

What supplies the sympathetic chains?

A

The thoraco-lumbar regions of the spinal cord

61
Q

Which nerve innervates the thorax and the abdomen?

A

The vagus nerve

62
Q

Which nerve supplies the diaphragm and which vertebral level is it at?

A

The phrenic nerve- C3,4,5

63
Q

What is the phrenic nerve important for?

A

Breathing

64
Q

What innervates the limbs?

A

The cervical and lumbar enlargements

65
Q

What is the conus medullaris

A

Where the spinal cord ends at a tapering point

66
Q

What is the cauda equina composed of?

A

Many dull, yellow-coloured roots

67
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

A single white fibrous cord

68
Q

At which vertebral level and anatomical landmark is lumbar puncture done?

A

L4, where there is the line connecting both iliac crests

69
Q

What is the denticulate ligament?

A

What the pia mater forms on either side of the spinal cord between the dorsal and ventral roots

70
Q

Where is the needle placed to perform an epidural?

A

Outside the dural sac

Anatomy (9 decks)

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