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2 IRM > AP03 - Lower Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

AP03 - Lower Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the spinal levels of the larynx?

A

C3-C6

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2
Q

What are the spinal levels of the trachea?

A

C6 to T4

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3
Q

What is the sternal angle?

at what level is it, and what other structure lies at this level?

A

the angle of louis
the manubriosternal joint

T4 - aortic arch

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4
Q

What spinal nerves supply the diaphragm?

A

C3-C5

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5
Q

Why are there more cases of lower back pain than upper back pain?

A

the spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae are overlapped

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6
Q

What is the tructure of cartilage and muscle in the trachea?

A

hyaline cartilgae rings

trachealis muscle

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7
Q

What is the difference in angles between the bronchi, What is the significance of this?

A

the right bronchi i wideand more vertical

If something is aspirated, it’s hence more likely to be in the right bit

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8
Q

What divides the upper and lower lobes of the lung?

A

the oblique fissure

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9
Q

What fissure is specific to the right lung?

A

the transverse or horizontal fissure separating the middle lobe at the oblique fissure

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10
Q

What are the 4 stages of lung tissue development?

A

The pseudoglandular period (weeks 5-17)
The canallicular period (weeks 16-25)
The terminal sac period (weeks 24-birth)
The alveolar period (late foetal - 8 years)

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11
Q

What passes through the thoracic inlet?

A 
trachea
oesophagus
thoracic duct
apices of lungs
nerves (phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerves, sympathetic tunks)
left and right common carotid arteries
left subclavian arteries
veins
lymph nodes and vessels
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12
Q

Name 3 sorts of peripheral diaphragm attchments

A

lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments
costal cartilages of ribs 7-10
xiphoid process of sternum

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13
Q

At what level does the aorta pierce the diaphragm?

A

T12 through aortic hiatus

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14
Q

What what level does the inferior vena cava pierce the diaphragm?

A

caval hiatus T8

branch of phrenic nerve joins it

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15
Q

At what level does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm?

A

oesophageeal hiatus T10 (also passage of vagus nerve)

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16
Q

At what level is the thoracic duct?

A

aortic hiatus T12

passage of azygous and hemi-azygous veins

17
Q

Which vertebrae does the diaphragm attach to posteriorly?

A

L1

18
Q

What are the key symptoms of horner’s syndrome?

A

miosis
partial ptosis
inopthalmus
andyrosis

19
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

infection of the lung causing alveoli inflammation, with pus, resulting in a cough or difficulty breathing

20
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

blockage of pulmonary artery in the lung, blood clot

21
Q

What is bronchioectasis?

A

airways of lung become abnormally wide, causing an excess of mucus

22
Q

What is empysema?

A

chronic lung illness causing shortness of breath

23
Q

What shape do the heads of the ribs have?

A

diamond shape

24
Q

What does the inferior facet of a rib articulate with?

A

superior costal facet of the vertebrae

25
Q

What does the point of a rib articulate with?

A

the intercalated disc

26
Q

What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with?

A

the transverse process of its’ respective vertebrae

27
Q

Why can’t rib 1 be palpated?

A

it’s covered in subclavicular muscle

28
Q

In the hylum of an organ, what passes through it?

A

veins
arteries
a structure specific to that organ (it can be a nerve, in the lungs it’s the bronchi)

the specific structure is always the most posterior

29
Q

Where would you insert a needle to remove fluid in a pleural effusion?

A

4th or 5th intercostal space anterior to the mid-axillary line

30
Q

Going deep, what are the layers to the thorax?

A 
skin
superficial fascia
serratus anterior
external intercostal muscle
internal intercostal muscle
neurovasculature
innermost intercostal muscle
endothoracic fascia
parietal pleura
pleural cavity
visceral pleura`
31
Q

What might cause autonomic pain for visceral pleura?

A

stretching

32
Q

What is the function of the external intercostal muscles?

A

elevate the ribs, increasing thoracic volume during inspiration

33
Q

what are the functions of the internal intercostals?

A

interosseus - reduces the thoracic volume by depressing the ribcage

interchondral - elevates the ribs

34
Q

What are the functions of the innermost intercostals?

A

interosseus - depresses the ribcage

interchondral - elevates the ribs

35
Q

What is the linguala?

A

a tongue - like process on the left lung

36
Q

Why might paradoxical ventilation occur?

A

pneumothorax
hydropneumothorax

spinal muscular atrophy in newborns

2 IRM (26 decks)

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