AP03 - Lower Respiratory Tract Flashcards
What are the spinal levels of the larynx?
C3-C6
What are the spinal levels of the trachea?
C6 to T4
What is the sternal angle?
at what level is it, and what other structure lies at this level?
the angle of louis
the manubriosternal joint
T4 - aortic arch
What spinal nerves supply the diaphragm?
C3-C5
Why are there more cases of lower back pain than upper back pain?
the spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae are overlapped
What is the tructure of cartilage and muscle in the trachea?
hyaline cartilgae rings
trachealis muscle
What is the difference in angles between the bronchi, What is the significance of this?
the right bronchi i wideand more vertical
If something is aspirated, it’s hence more likely to be in the right bit
What divides the upper and lower lobes of the lung?
the oblique fissure
What fissure is specific to the right lung?
the transverse or horizontal fissure separating the middle lobe at the oblique fissure
What are the 4 stages of lung tissue development?
The pseudoglandular period (weeks 5-17)
The canallicular period (weeks 16-25)
The terminal sac period (weeks 24-birth)
The alveolar period (late foetal - 8 years)
What passes through the thoracic inlet?
trachea oesophagus thoracic duct apices of lungs nerves (phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerves, sympathetic tunks) left and right common carotid arteries left subclavian arteries veins lymph nodes and vessels
Name 3 sorts of peripheral diaphragm attchments
lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments
costal cartilages of ribs 7-10
xiphoid process of sternum
At what level does the aorta pierce the diaphragm?
T12 through aortic hiatus
What what level does the inferior vena cava pierce the diaphragm?
caval hiatus T8
branch of phrenic nerve joins it
At what level does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm?
oesophageeal hiatus T10 (also passage of vagus nerve)
At what level is the thoracic duct?
aortic hiatus T12
passage of azygous and hemi-azygous veins
Which vertebrae does the diaphragm attach to posteriorly?
L1
What are the key symptoms of horner’s syndrome?
miosis
partial ptosis
inopthalmus
andyrosis
What is pneumonia?
infection of the lung causing alveoli inflammation, with pus, resulting in a cough or difficulty breathing
What is a pulmonary embolism?
blockage of pulmonary artery in the lung, blood clot
What is bronchioectasis?
airways of lung become abnormally wide, causing an excess of mucus
What is empysema?
chronic lung illness causing shortness of breath
What shape do the heads of the ribs have?
diamond shape
What does the inferior facet of a rib articulate with?
superior costal facet of the vertebrae
What does the point of a rib articulate with?
the intercalated disc
What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with?
the transverse process of its’ respective vertebrae
Why can’t rib 1 be palpated?
it’s covered in subclavicular muscle
In the hylum of an organ, what passes through it?
veins
arteries
a structure specific to that organ (it can be a nerve, in the lungs it’s the bronchi)
the specific structure is always the most posterior
Where would you insert a needle to remove fluid in a pleural effusion?
4th or 5th intercostal space anterior to the mid-axillary line
Going deep, what are the layers to the thorax?
skin superficial fascia serratus anterior external intercostal muscle internal intercostal muscle neurovasculature innermost intercostal muscle endothoracic fascia parietal pleura pleural cavity visceral pleura`
What might cause autonomic pain for visceral pleura?
stretching
What is the function of the external intercostal muscles?
elevate the ribs, increasing thoracic volume during inspiration
what are the functions of the internal intercostals?
interosseus - reduces the thoracic volume by depressing the ribcage
interchondral - elevates the ribs
What are the functions of the innermost intercostals?
interosseus - depresses the ribcage
interchondral - elevates the ribs
What is the linguala?
a tongue - like process on the left lung
Why might paradoxical ventilation occur?
pneumothorax
hydropneumothorax
spinal muscular atrophy in newborns
