8 drugs influencing airway resistance Flashcards
What are trachea lined by?
ciliated epithelium
goblet cells
mucous glands
What is the main structural difference between the bronchioles and trachea?
trachea has cartiaginous rings with a ligamentous smooth muslce, when bronchioles just have ciliated epithelium and are surrounded by smooth muscle
What is NANC innervation and what does it do?
Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic innervation, stimulation causes bronchodilation
in asthma substance P may cause bronchocontriction
What does parasympathetic innervation do?
ACh stimulates M3 receptors, causing bronchocontriction
What do B2 adrenergic receptors cause, and where are they?
Causes bronchodilation
on smooth muscle
on mast cells, inhibiting them
what does CO2 cause?
bronchodilation
What do mast cells do?
mediators released on de-granulation cause bronchoconstriciton
What kinds of mechanical receptors are there?
RAR - rapidly adapting receptors - bronchoconstrition
PSR - slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors - bronchodilation
Why does resistance decrease from residual volume to total lung capacity?
radial traction (parenchyma stretch, splinting airways open) alveolar interdependence these effects are lost in those with COPD!
What can we target in asthma?
bronchoconstrictor components
inflammatory components
What might we use to stimulate bronchodilation?
muscarinic antagonists (ipratropium)
Beta2 agonists
(short - salbutamol. long - salmeterol/tubutaline)
leukotriene pathway
What could we use to inhibit inflammation?
B2 agonists Methylxanthines Monoclonal anti - IgE antibodies histamine receptor antagonists Sodium cromoglicate targeting leukotrine pathway corticosteroids
How do methylxanthines work, and give 2 examples
PDE inhibitors, increasing cAMP levels, reducing inflamation
theophylline, aminonphylline
Give an example of a monoclonal anti - IgE antibody
Omalizumab
Give an example of a histamine receptor antagonist
Ketotifen
H2 receptors
