AP US HISTORY: Midterm review Flashcards
First Great awakening
*1730-1740s
*originates in Massachusetts
*first spontaneous mass movement
* salvation through gods grace
* key speaker: Johnathan Edwards, George Whitefield
* results: emerges of colleges, brown, Princeton, Rutgers, Dartmouth
*contributed to growing sense that Americans have single identify (shared experience)
second great awakening
*1790s-1840s
*originates in the northeast (the burtover district in upstate ny)
results/impact: led to the growth of new protestants like Methodist & baptist
*reform groups form: abolitionist, prison/school,temperance, suffrage movement
education increased
OLD IMMIGRANT: IRISH
irish dominate from 1840-1860
from northern and western Europe
settled in port cities like new york, boston, philidalphia
push:patato famine
pull: looking for economic success, working in factories
provided labor for market revolution
OLD IMMIGRANT: GERMANS
-Germans dominated fro 1860-1880
-from northern and western Europe
-come to the US with more money and education
-push: the revolution of 1848 and more political gain
-pull: want political freedom, practice democracy and economic success
-protestant
indentured servants
served as the early labor force of Virginia
early period of primary labor
person is contracted to work a specific amount of years in exchange for food and shelter
Anglo-Powhatan wars
conflict between the settlers of Virginia and the Powhatan people
series of wars between 1610-1646
first war ends in the marriage between john Rolfe and Pocahontas
the Powhatan’s largely defeated
bacons rebellion
indentured servants rise up because theyre outliving thier contracts and are demanding land/ they dont receive it
rebellion led by daniel bacon
burns down Jamestown Virginia
impact: leads to transition from indentured servants to African slave labor
Puritans vs. separatist
separatist - people who wanted to escape religious freedom
Puritans - English protestants who wanted to promote there religion
new england colonies
new hampshire, connecticut, massachusets, rhode island
rocky soils, farming communities, shorter growing seasons, heavily religous
life expectancy longer
education
mixed economy
middle colonies
New York, new jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware
longer growing seasons, soil better for growing, not as strict religion, diverse in people
religion: Quakers, Catholics
southern colonies
georgia, south carolina, north carolina, virginia, maryland
perfect soil for planting, longest growing season agriculturally based (cashcrops)
high demand for slavery
tolerant of other religions
slavery plays large role
fundamental orders (massachusetts bay)
the first written constitution
stated powers and limits of govt.
mayflower compact
mayflower compact: simple agreement, majority rules, first attempt at government
establishes basis of self government
new England confederation
military alliance intended to defend the new England colonies against potential threat
mercantilism
the colonies enrich the mother country
Navigation act & molasses act
navigation acts
enforced by England
1. trade carried in only english or colonial ships
2. trade had to pass through British ports
*colonies didn’t really listen and smuggling increased
dominion of England
implimented to increase royal control over the colonies
sir edmund andros
Characteristics of the Northeast
Market revolution
The north experienced rapid industrialization with the growth of factories. The growth of factories led to more consumer goods and greater employment, focused on textiles
Industry based
The northeast becomes more unbanized
Characteristics of the South
market revolution
Railroads in the south developed slower than they did in the northeast. The souths demand for cotton grew because they has to keep up with the industrialization in the north
Agriculturally based (Cashcrops)
The south becomes more rural
Characteristics of the Midwest
Market Revolution:
The midwest contributed food to the market revolution they specialied in agriculture they gave these resources to the northeast and the south
New technology which contributed to the development of the Market Revolution:
westward expansion inventions, canals, roads, railways, factories, mass production,
The Market Revolution’s Impact on Society and Culture:
Specialization leads to increased sectionalizion
Relationship between employer and employee leads to harsh conditions, little pay, child labor, workers being taken advantage of
Created a growing lower class of poverty, less workers, and a series of decestationg,
Increase in the tension of weather slavery should exist in the country
The economic disparity, small group that will become millionaires, small middle class develops and a growing lower class
We are now a national market
Because of the population increase northeast becomes political power (which gives them more representation in the house which leads to more electoral votes )
Demand for cheap labor increases
Treaty of Paris (1763)
ends the French and Indian war
England gains french land from Canada to Florida and the appalains to the Mississippi
England gains Florida from Spain
france kicked out of North America , giving up most of their territory
solitary neglect ends
why does England tax the colonies following the French and Indian war ?
England fell into debt when the french and Indian war happened
so to pay back they taxed the colonies
Colonist not happy
*cause of american revolution
sugar act:
qaurting act:
stamp act:
- raising tax revenue in the colonies for the crown
-required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops
- raised revenue to support the military
mandated the use of stamped paper
“no taxation without representation”
stamp act congress
brought together in NY 27 delagates
they drew up a statement about their rights and grievances
gave to parliament/oppose British policy’s like the stamp act
step towards inter colonial unity
Pontiac rebellion &
the proclamation act of 1763
native American rebel against colonist on their land
Pontiac rebellion defeated
LEADS TO PROCLAMATION ACT
Prohibited colonist from moving west of the Appalachian mountains
*tension
Albany plan of Union
aimed at building a union of colonies under a single government
this was a plan by Ben Franklin
in Albany NY 11/13 colonies attended
“Join or die” made by Benjamin Franklin
called for the american colonies to reunite
turning point of the relationship between the colonies and britian is
the period after the french and Indian war
Committees of Correspondence
Colonies gathered to gather information as a response to the british policies implemented in the colonies
discuss grievances
response to Boston massacre
Boston massacre
the first real act of violence between britain and the colonies, from here things go very down hill
sons of liberty
Group of colonial radicals (extremist) enforce nonimportation agreement
Throw the tea overboard as a reaction to the tea party
The purpose was to influence the colonies to split ties with britain
divided american colonist to loyalist and patriots
Common Sense by Thomas Paine
One of the most influential pamphlets written by the radical thomas bayne
argued for independance
ideas spread throughout colonies
More and more colonist felt the need to separate from Britain
It convinced colonist for the creation of a representative govt. based on natural rights
purpose of the declaration of independence
(Thomas Jefferson)
A formal statement to explain why the colonist want to separate from britain and become an independent nation I
1st continental Congress
2nd continental Congress
- colonial unity developing they want to repair the relationship with England
not calling for independence yet
parliment dismisses their grievances
-meet in Philadelphia
division weather or not to declare independance
Creating the continental army
Olive branch petition
sent to king george lll colonist wanted peace with great britain
Asked the king to protect thier rights as citizens
last attempt to stop war with britian
Franco-American Alliance Treaty
agreed that neither country would stop fighting with Great Britain until independence was granted.
colonist review money, weapons, naval support.
The Revolutionary War
fought between 1775 and 1783 through which 13 of Great Britain’s North American colonies threw off British rule to establish the sovereign United States of America, founded with the Declaration of Independence in 1776
Treaty of Paris 1783
Ended american revolution
British accepted americans independence
Americans gained all land east of the mississippi, south of canada, north of florida
-They gained british recognition of tier independence
-The treaty listed their reasons for independence (grievances against the king)
northwest ordinance of 1787
established principal that territories could become states
60,000 residents
banned slavery in the northwest territory
accomplishment of the AOC
shays rebellion
led by Daniel shay
farmers in Massachusetts rebel because their farms were being foreclosed
TURNING POINT: it exposed weaknesses of AOC
increased calls for stronger central government
constitutional convention
-meet for the purpose of revising the articles of confederation
-create an entirely new stronger central government
James Madison: virginia plan
new jersey plan:
-bicameral legislature
representative would be based on population size
-each state would have = representation
unicameral legislature
Great compromise
bicameral legislature
2 votes in the senate per state house of reps: based on population
3/5 compromise
Atlantic slave trade
slaves would be counted as 3/5 of a person
slave trade allowed to continue to 1808
federalist
anti federalist
the federalist papers
- supporters of he Constitution and a strong central government
- (Thomas Jefferson) critics of the constitution and favored a weak central government and state rights
-85 essays written by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton to persuade people to support the ratification of the constitution
bill of rights
gareeting individual rights like freedom of speech, religion, press
anti-Federalist advocated for the implementation of the bill of rights
concerned with the new constitution
popular soverignty
power is in the lands of the people
federalism
a division of power between the national and state government
electoral college
feared too much democracy would lead to mob rule so they created the electoral college
indirect vote
Hamilton’s financial plan
-assumption plan: the federal govt would pay of national debt
-high tariffs and excise taxes
creation of the national bank
whiskey rebellion
part of Hamilton plan encludes an excise tax on whiskey
farmers in Pennsylvania refused to pay the tax
Washington takes over the state malitia and established precedent of federal enforcement of law
Jay’s treaty
England continued to cause the US problems *impressment
British agreed to leave the forts but said nothing about stopping impressment or giving native Americans weapons
favored the British and was very unpoplar
Pickneys treaty
Spain agrees to allow the U.S usage of the Mississippi river and the port of new Orleans
Washington’s Farewell Address
Warning future leaders, Congress and the American public:
1.No Foreign Entanglement- No Permanent Alliances- Trade with both sides
2.Sectionalism
3. Be aware of the dangers of political parties
XYZ affair
*John adams presidency
french officials known as X,Y,X attempt to get the Americans to bribe in order to start negotiations with foreign minister
Americans are outraged and use the slogan
“millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”
alien and sedition act
passed by federalist controlled Congress to limit the political opposition
alien act: presidents could deport or arrest immigrants considered dangerous
sedition act: made it illegal to criticize government
democratic Republicans response to the alien and sedition act was
Virginia and Kentucky resolutions
Virginia and Kentucky resolutions
written by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson
to oppose federal laws
states could nullify federal laws passed by Congress if they felt they were unconstitutional
the election of 1800
Jefferson and Burr tied, sending the election to the House of Representatives
Controversy over electoral tie vote led to passage of 12th Amendment
Thomas Jefferson becomes first democratic Republican president
12th amendment
created to prevent ties and ensure a clear distinction between the votes for the President and Vice President
judicary act of 1801
marbury vs Madison 1803
attempt by Adams administration to put federalist judges in place before leaving office
midnight judge (william marbury) sues James Madison for refusing to deliver his commission
supreme court decides: establishes idea of judicial review/ supreme court has the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional
judicial review
supreme court has the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional
revolution of 1800
*election of 1800
1st peaceful transfer of power between political parties
Changes made to the Constitution as a result of the experiences of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation.
Congress got the power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce
separation of powers: legislative, executive, judicial branch
establishment of national military
Louisiana purchase (1803)
cost: 15 million
acquired from Napoleon who need money to support fighting the British
- doubled the size of the US
Thomas Jefferson used loose interpretation to acquire
manifest destiny
American settlers were destined to expand westward across North America
-they have a god given right to expand
texas (1845)
Texas declared to be an independent republic in 1836
Texas applied to the United States for statehood
Oregon territory (1848)
British and America claimed this territory
Oregon territory divided at the 49th parallel
oregon treaty
Adams onis- treaty
Spain ceded Florida to the United States
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Missouri would enter as a slave state
Maine would enter as a free state
It also outlawed slavery above the 36º 30’ except Missouri
Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
the law states that Kansas and Nebraska would use popular sovereignty to determine the slavery issues
Bleeding Kansas (John Brown)
period of violent conflicts between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups
violence was a result of the Kansas Nebraska act
impresment
forced enlistment of Americans into the British navy
Chesapeake leopard affair (1807)
English sip leopard attacked American ship the Chesapeake
violated U.S neutrality
macons bill No.2
U.S would end embargo if the country respected U.S neutrality and freedom of the sea
war hawks
young congressmen
advocated for war against England
from the south and the west
Henry clay & John c Calhoun
battle of Tippecanoe
conflict that occured between the U.S forces of the Indian territory
led up to the war of 1812
symbol of growing tension between the US and native Americans
causes of the war of 1812
-impresment of American soldiers
-British interference w trade
- British support of native resistance
Monroe doctrine
foreign policy statement delivered by James Monroe
western hemisphere was no longer open to European colonization
the embargo act of 1807
The US stopped trading with all foreign nations
destroyed American economy
the treaty of Ghent
officially ended the war of 1812
contributed to the end of the era of good feelings
both sides agreed to stop fighting
causes of the civil war
the debate over slavery was intensified by expansion
political crisis caused when Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860
different views about how society should be run
compromise of 1850
the mexican cession
gave us california and
dred Scott vs stanford
dred Scott was a slave who escaped and went to the west
the election of 1860
Abraham Lincoln wins this election with 18 electoral votes without getting a single southern state to vote for him
many southerners saw Lincoln being in office as a direct threat to slavery
leads to southern secession
one of the causes of the civil war
13th ammendment
abolished slavery in the US
14th amendment
African American men citizenship in the US
the corrupt bargain
the election of 1824
presidental election between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson
andrew Jackson had recieved the majority of the popular vote but no canidate met the majority for electoral votes
speaker for the house Henry clay advocated for the election of John Quincy adams and shortly after that Henry clay was appointed Secretary of state
Jackson supports called this the corrupt bargain
the lecompton constitution
proposed for pro-slavery constitution for kansas
included:
legaslization of slavery
slaveholding rights
limited rights to vote
exclusion of free blacks
created during the period of bleeding Kansas
the nullification crisis
south Carolina declared that it could nuilfy federal tarffids
tarrif if 1828
this was a protective tarrif passed
main purpose was to protect northern industries by raising import duties on foreign goods
this did not benefit the south
force bill
Jackson’s response too the south aruging they could nullify federal tarrif
stated that he would use military force if necessary to ensure that the tarrif laws were enforcd
Jackson refused to annex Texas. Why?
didn’t want to risk war with mexico
if Texas entered the slavery issues would spark, it would upset the balance
“gag rule”
automatically tabled any petition or bills related to slavery
silenced any discussion of slavery in congress
Indian removal act of 1830
heartford convention
demise of the federalist party
triangle trade
the middle passage back to the colonies
Africa europe new england
