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AP Psych > AP Psych Unit 7 > Flashcards

AP Psych Unit 7 Flashcards

Childhood Development + Therapy

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1
Q

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

A

Developmental psychology

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2
Q

Our emotional reactivity and intensity

A

Temperament

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3
Q

The fertilized egg; enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

A

Zygote

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4
Q

The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month

A

Embryo

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5
Q

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

A

Fetus

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6
Q

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

A

Teratogens

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7
Q

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking.
In severe cases, signs include a small out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

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8
Q

Decreasing responsiveness w/ repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity w/ repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

A

Habituation

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9
Q

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced experience

A

Maturation

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10
Q

Use-it-or-lose-it, shuts down unused links and strengthens others

A

Pruning process

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11
Q

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by abt. 8 months

A

Stranger anxiety

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12
Q

An emotional tie w/ another person; shown in kids by wanting to be close w/ their caregiver and being distressed in separation

A

Attachment

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13
Q

Found that attachment is not equated directly from association w/ nourishment

A

Harlow Monkey Experiment

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14
Q

An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

A

Critical period

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15
Q

Explored imprinting by having ducks follow him around after he was their first life exposure

A

Konrad Lorenz

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15
Q

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period

A

Imprinting

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16
Q

To people and things foster fondness

A

Mere exposure

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17
Q

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

A

Temperament

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18
Q

Research of infants in lab playroom on attachment styles

A

“Strange situation”

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19
Q

Involved within the “strange situation” experiment

A

Jermone Kagan

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19
Q

Irritable vs. easygoing

A

Difficult v. easy babies

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20
Q

Babies who comfortably explore environments when with their caregiver; show distress when caregiver leaves and find comfort in their return

A

Secure attachment

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20
Q

Developmental theorist; morality and stages of development

A

Erik Erikson

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20
Q

Demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

A

Insecure attachment

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21
Q

According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences w/ responsive caregivers

A

Basic trust

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22
Q

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who Am I?”

A

Self-concept

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23
Q

Parents that impose rules and expect obedience

A

Authoritarian

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24
Q

Parents that submit to their children’s desires

A

Permissive (lax)

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25
Q

Uninvolved; neither demanding nor responsive. Careless, inattentive, don’t seek to have close relationship w/ child

A

Negligent

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26
Q

Parents that are both demanding and responsive

A

Authoritative

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27
Q

Prefer independence

A

Western then vs. western now

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28
Q

A feeling that what shames the child shames the family

A

Family self

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29
Q

Researcher who developed a model of parenting styles that included authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive

A

Diana Baumrind

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30
Q

Developmental psychologist; placed infants in “strange situation” in order to examine attachment to parents

A

Mary Ainsworth

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30
Q

Concept or framework that organizes and interprets information (ex. She developed the thought that all librarians were quiet and thin)

A

Schema

30
Q

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

A

Assimilation

31
Q

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
(Mistaking cow for horse and learning that cows are their own animal)

A

Accommodation

32
Q

Piaget’s theory; (stage from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

A

Sensorimotor stage

33
Q

The awareness that continue to exist when not perceived (Forgetting toy is under blanket)

A

Object permanence

34
Q

Piaget’s theory; stage from 2 to 7 years of age when child learns to use a language but doesn’t yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

A

Preoperational stage

35
Q

The Principle (Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the form of objects

A

Conservation

36
Q

In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s POV

A

Egocentrism

37
Q

Emotionally charged, confiding interaction between trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

A

Psychotherapy

38
Q

Approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problem, use techniques from various forms of therapy

A

Eclectic approach

39
Q

People’s ideas about their own and other’s mental stages – about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

A

Theory of mind

40
Q

Jean Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from 6 to 11) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

A

Concrete operational stage

40
Q

Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

A

Formal operational stage

41
Q

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

A

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

42
Q

Russian psychologist, developed sociocultural theory (said that social interactions would cause a continuous change in children’s behavior)

A

Lev Vygotsky

42
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Cognitive psychologist (created stages of cognitive development)

43
Q

Sigmund Freud; therapeutic techniques of interpreting feelings and helping patient gain insight

A

Psychoanalysis

44
Q

Occurs during free association; blocks consciousness of anxiety-laden material

A

Resistance

45
Q

Analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight

A

Interpretation

45
Q

Patient’s transfer to analyst of emotions linked w/ other relationships

A

Transference

46
Q

Humanistic therapy, therapist use techniques such as active listening within accepting environment to facilitate client’s growth (Carl Rogers)

A

Client-centered therapy

47
Q

Empathetic listening in which listener echoes, restates and clarifies (part of Roger’s client-centered therapy)

A

Active listening

48
Q

Therapy that applies learning principles to eliminate unwanted behaviors

A

Behavior therapy

48
Q

Behavior therapy, conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors
Includes systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning

A

Counter-conditioning

49
Q

Counterconditioning; pleasant state w/ increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

A

Systematic densitization

50
Q

Counterconditioning; unpleasant state w/ unwanted behavior
Con: people don’t maintain that conditioning

A

Aversive conditioning

51
Q

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

A

Adolescence

51
Q

Operant conditioning that rewards behavior; patient exchanges token from good behavior for something

A

Token economy

51
Q

Therapy that teaches people new and adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on assumption that thoughts intervene between events and emotional reaction

A

Cognitive therapy

52
Q

Popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy and behavior therapy
- Aims to alter way people think and act
- Makes people aware of irrational negative thinking –> replace positive ways of thinking and practice to positive approach in life

A

Cognitive-behavioral therpay

52
Q

Therapy that treats family as a system
- Views individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by family members
- Guides family members towards positive relationship and improved communication

A

Family therapy

53
Q

The thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong

A

Moral reasoning

54
Q

Self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete awards. Before age 9

A

Preconventional morality

55
Q

Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order. Early adolescence

A

Conventional morality

55
Q

He believed that much of our morality is rooted in moral intuitions

A

Haidt

55
Q

He agreed w/ Piaget and sought to describe the development of moral reasoning

A

Kohlberg

55
Q

He believed that a child’s moral judgements build on cognitive development

A

Piaget

56
Q

Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

A

Post-conventional morality

56
Q

He contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution

A

Erik Erikson

57
Q

Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

A

Identity

58
Q

In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; of primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

A

Intimacy

58
Q

The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships

A

Social identity

59
Q

For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-20’s, bringing the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

A

Emerging adulthood

60
Q

End of menstrual cycle; usually at about age 50. Causes biological changes as reproduction ability declines

A

Menopause

61
Q

Tips of chromosomes

A

Telomeres

62
Q

Research that compares people of different ages

A

Cross-sectional studies

63
Q

Restudying the same people overtime

A

Longitudinal studies

64
Q

Disorders marked by cognitive deficits; Alzheimer’s, brain injuries, substance abuse

A

Neurocognitive disorder

65
Q

Neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, onset after age 80, displays as memory and physical function decline

A

Alzheimer’s disease

66
Q

Head-to-foot

A

head-to-foot

67
Q

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

A

Social clock

68
Q

Proximodistal trend

A

Center-outwards (arms, fist)

AP Psych (9 decks)

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