AP Psych Unit 7 Flashcards
Childhood Development + Therapy
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
Developmental psychology
Our emotional reactivity and intensity
Temperament
The fertilized egg; enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
Zygote
The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month
Embryo
The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
Fetus
Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Teratogens
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking.
In severe cases, signs include a small out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Decreasing responsiveness w/ repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity w/ repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
Habituation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced experience
Maturation
Use-it-or-lose-it, shuts down unused links and strengthens others
Pruning process
The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by abt. 8 months
Stranger anxiety
An emotional tie w/ another person; shown in kids by wanting to be close w/ their caregiver and being distressed in separation
Attachment
Found that attachment is not equated directly from association w/ nourishment
Harlow Monkey Experiment
An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
Critical period
Explored imprinting by having ducks follow him around after he was their first life exposure
Konrad Lorenz
The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period
Imprinting
To people and things foster fondness
Mere exposure
a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Temperament
Research of infants in lab playroom on attachment styles
“Strange situation”
Involved within the “strange situation” experiment
Jermone Kagan
Irritable vs. easygoing
Difficult v. easy babies
Babies who comfortably explore environments when with their caregiver; show distress when caregiver leaves and find comfort in their return
Secure attachment
Developmental theorist; morality and stages of development
Erik Erikson
Demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness
Insecure attachment
According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences w/ responsive caregivers
Basic trust
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who Am I?”
Self-concept
Parents that impose rules and expect obedience
Authoritarian
Parents that submit to their children’s desires
Permissive (lax)
Uninvolved; neither demanding nor responsive. Careless, inattentive, don’t seek to have close relationship w/ child
Negligent
Parents that are both demanding and responsive
Authoritative
Prefer independence
Western then vs. western now
A feeling that what shames the child shames the family
Family self
Researcher who developed a model of parenting styles that included authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive
Diana Baumrind
Developmental psychologist; placed infants in “strange situation” in order to examine attachment to parents
Mary Ainsworth
Concept or framework that organizes and interprets information (ex. She developed the thought that all librarians were quiet and thin)
Schema
Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Assimilation
Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
(Mistaking cow for horse and learning that cows are their own animal)
Accommodation
Piaget’s theory; (stage from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Sensorimotor stage
The awareness that continue to exist when not perceived (Forgetting toy is under blanket)
Object permanence
Piaget’s theory; stage from 2 to 7 years of age when child learns to use a language but doesn’t yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Preoperational stage
The Principle (Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the form of objects
Conservation
In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s POV
Egocentrism
Emotionally charged, confiding interaction between trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties
Psychotherapy
Approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problem, use techniques from various forms of therapy
Eclectic approach
People’s ideas about their own and other’s mental stages – about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict
Theory of mind
Jean Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from 6 to 11) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
Concrete operational stage
Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Formal operational stage
A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Russian psychologist, developed sociocultural theory (said that social interactions would cause a continuous change in children’s behavior)
Lev Vygotsky
Jean Piaget
Cognitive psychologist (created stages of cognitive development)
Sigmund Freud; therapeutic techniques of interpreting feelings and helping patient gain insight
Psychoanalysis
Occurs during free association; blocks consciousness of anxiety-laden material
Resistance
Analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight
Interpretation
Patient’s transfer to analyst of emotions linked w/ other relationships
Transference
Humanistic therapy, therapist use techniques such as active listening within accepting environment to facilitate client’s growth (Carl Rogers)
Client-centered therapy
Empathetic listening in which listener echoes, restates and clarifies (part of Roger’s client-centered therapy)
Active listening
Therapy that applies learning principles to eliminate unwanted behaviors
Behavior therapy
Behavior therapy, conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors
Includes systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning
Counter-conditioning
Counterconditioning; pleasant state w/ increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
Systematic densitization
Counterconditioning; unpleasant state w/ unwanted behavior
Con: people don’t maintain that conditioning
Aversive conditioning
The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
Adolescence
Operant conditioning that rewards behavior; patient exchanges token from good behavior for something
Token economy
Therapy that teaches people new and adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on assumption that thoughts intervene between events and emotional reaction
Cognitive therapy
Popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy and behavior therapy
- Aims to alter way people think and act
- Makes people aware of irrational negative thinking –> replace positive ways of thinking and practice to positive approach in life
Cognitive-behavioral therpay
Therapy that treats family as a system
- Views individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by family members
- Guides family members towards positive relationship and improved communication
Family therapy
The thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong
Moral reasoning
Self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete awards. Before age 9
Preconventional morality
Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order. Early adolescence
Conventional morality
He believed that much of our morality is rooted in moral intuitions
Haidt
He agreed w/ Piaget and sought to describe the development of moral reasoning
Kohlberg
He believed that a child’s moral judgements build on cognitive development
Piaget
Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles
Post-conventional morality
He contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution
Erik Erikson
Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
Identity
In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; of primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
Intimacy
The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships
Social identity
For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-20’s, bringing the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood
Emerging adulthood
End of menstrual cycle; usually at about age 50. Causes biological changes as reproduction ability declines
Menopause
Tips of chromosomes
Telomeres
Research that compares people of different ages
Cross-sectional studies
Restudying the same people overtime
Longitudinal studies
Disorders marked by cognitive deficits; Alzheimer’s, brain injuries, substance abuse
Neurocognitive disorder
Neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, onset after age 80, displays as memory and physical function decline
Alzheimer’s disease
Head-to-foot
head-to-foot
The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
Social clock
Proximodistal trend
Center-outwards (arms, fist)
