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AP Psych > AP Psych Unit 5 > Flashcards

AP Psych Unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods (attention, judgement, memory, self-control, emotion, perception)

A

Psychoactive drugs

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2
Q

Disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

A

Substance use disorder

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3
Q

Diminished control, diminished social functioning, hazardous use, addiction

A

When drug use is a disorder

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4
Q

Diminishing effect w/ regular use of drug, requiring user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect

A

Tolerance

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5
Q

The study of psychoactive drugs

A

Psychopharmacology

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6
Q

mimic neurotransmitters (excite)

A

Agonists

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7
Q

prevent neurotransmitters from binding to receptor sites (inhibit)

A

Antagonists

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8
Q

Physical illness following withdrawal of a drug

A

Withdrawal symptoms

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9
Q

Reduction in body’s response to a drug (needs more)

A

Drug tolerance

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10
Q

Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

A

Depressants

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11
Q

Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use (alcoholism)(CNS numb)

A

Alcohol use disorder

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12
Q

Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety (numbs CNS)

A

Opiates

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13
Q

increase CNS function, higher HR, metabolism energy attention (produce tolerance, withdrawal effects, disturbed sleep, reduced appetite, euphoric response)

A

Stimulants

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14
Q

active chemical THC, has mild depressant affects, hallucinogenic (relaxation, time distortion, pain relief, perceptual distortions)

A

Marijuana

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

A

Depressants

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17
Q

Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use (alcoholism)

A

Alcohol use disorder

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18
Q

Drugs that depress the activity of the CNS, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

A

Barbiturates

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19
Q

Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

A

Opiates

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20
Q

Drugs such as caffeine, nicotine, coke and ecstasy that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

A

Stimulants

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21
Q

Stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

A

Nicotine

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22
Q

Powerful and addictive stimulant derived from coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria

blocks reuptake, excess neurotransmitters remain in synapse and produce a rush, when wears off, absence of neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine produce a crash

A

Cocaine

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23
Q

Drugs such as meth that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes

A

Methamphetamine

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24
Q

Powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the CNS, w/ speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; overtime appears to reduce baseline dopamine lvls.

A

Methamphetamine

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25
Q

Synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but w/ short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition

Ecstasy triggers dopamine, releases stored serotonin-blocking reuptake, which prolongs serotonin’s “feel-good”

A

Ecstasy (MDMA)

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26
Q

Psychedelic drugs such as LSD that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in absence of sensory input

A

Hallucinogens

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27
Q

Altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

A

Near-death experience

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28
Q

powerful hallucinogenic drug, created by Hofmann, trips can range from euphoria to terrifying

A

LSD

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29
Q

Major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

A

THC

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30
Q

Synthetic marijuana that mimics THC, can cause anger and hallucinations

A

K2/Spice

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31
Q

Decreasing responsiveness w/ repeated exposure to a stimulus

A

Habituation

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32
Q

Learning that certain events occur together.
The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).

A

Associative learning

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33
Q

Any event or situation that evokes a response

A

Stimulus

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34
Q

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

A

Operate behavior

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35
Q

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

A

Cognitive learning

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36
Q

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

A

Classical conditioning

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37
Q

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior w/o reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree w/ (1) but not w/ (2)

A

Behaviorism

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38
Q

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

A

Neutral stimulus

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39
Q

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food’s in the mouth

A

Unconditioned response

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40
Q

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response.

A

Unconditioned stimulus

41
Q

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

A

Conditioned response

42
Q

In classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association w/ an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

A

Conditioned stimulus

43
Q

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

A

Acquisition

44
Q

A procedure in which conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience gets paired w/ new neutral stimulus, creating a second (weaker) conditioned stimulus.

A

Higher-order conditioning

45
Q

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in a classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) doesn’t follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

A

Extinction

46
Q

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

A

Spontaneous recovery

47
Q

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus elicit similar responses

A

Generalization

48
Q

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that don’t signal an unconditioned stimulus

A

Discrimination

49
Q

A type of conditioning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcing or diminished if followed by a punishment

A

Operant conditioning

50
Q

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

A

Law of effect

51
Q

A tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar, but not identical

A

Stimulus Generalization

52
Q

The ability to respond differently to various stimuli

A

Stimulus Discrimination

53
Q

Fear that persists even when no realistic danger exists

A

Phobia

54
Q

Learned emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus

A

Conditioned Emotional Response

55
Q

Exposing phobic people gradually to feared stimuli while they stay calm and relaxed

A

Systemic Desensitization

56
Q

Learning to respond emotionally to a stimulus by observing another’s emotional reactions

A

Vicarious Classical Conditioning

57
Q

Any event that follows a response and increases its likelihood of recurring

A

Reinforcer

58
Q

Non-learned and natural; satisfies biological needs (ex. food, water, sex)

A

Primary Reinforcer

59
Q

Learned reinforcer (ex. money, grades, approval, praise)

A

Secondary Reinforcer

60
Q

Tangible secondary reinforcer (ex. money, gold stars, poker chips)

A

Token Reinforcer

61
Q

Provided by other people (ex. learned desires for attention and approval)

A

Social Reinforcer

62
Q

Apparatus designed to study operant conditioning in animals

A

Skinner Box

63
Q

When a response is followed by a reward or other positive event

A

Positive Reinforcement

64
Q

When a response is followed by the removal of an unpleasant event

A

Negative Reinforcement

65
Q

Any event that follows a response and decreases the likelihood of it recurring (ex. a spanking)

A

Punishment

66
Q

form of punishment that involves taking away something the individual values when they engage in an undesired behavior(ex. losing xbox privileges

A

Response Cost (omission training)

67
Q

Small step to target goal

A

Successive Approximations

68
Q

Molding responses gradually in a step-by-step fashion to a desired pattern

A

Shaping

69
Q

Behaviors that are repeated because they appear to produce reinforcement

A

Superstitious Behavior

70
Q

A reinforcer follows every correct response

A

Continuous Reinforcement

71
Q

Reinforcers do NOT follow every response.

A

Partial Reinforcement

72
Q

A set number of correct responses must be made to obtain a reinforcer

A

Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR)

73
Q

Varied number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer

A

Variable Ratio Schedule (VR)

74
Q

The first correct response made after a certain amount of time has elapsed, is reinforced

A

Fixed Interval Schedule (FI)

75
Q

Reinforcement is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time

A

Variable Interval Schedule (VI)

76
Q

Stimulus that is painful or uncomfortable

A

Aversive Stimulus

77
Q

“Relief” suddenly becomes negatively reinforcing and will continue indefinitely

A

Avoidance learning (pair a tone w/ shock)

78
Q

Mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

A

Cognitive map

79
Q

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

A

Latent learning

80
Q

The sudden realization of one’s problem solution

A

Insight

81
Q

Desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

A

Intrinsic motivation

82
Q

Desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

A

Extrinsic motivation

83
Q

Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive or behavioral methods

A

Coping

84
Q

Alleviating stress by avoiding/ignoring the stressor and attending to the emotional needs related to one’s stress action.

A

Emotion-focused coping

85
Q

The hopelessness and passive resignation a creature learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

A

Learned helplessness

86
Q

The perception that chance or outside forces beyond personal control determine our fate.

A

External locus of control

87
Q

The perception that you control your own fate.

A

Internal locus of control

88
Q

The ability to control impulses to delay instant gratification for greater long-term rewards.

A

Self-control

89
Q

Learning by watching and observing others

A

Observational Learning

90
Q

The person whose behavior the subject watches and imitates

A

The Model

91
Q

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

A

Modeling

92
Q

Neurons in the frontal lobe and they fire when a subject observes another performing a task and is able to replicate it

A

Mirror Neurons

93
Q

That a child can “share” another’s experience and empathize what they see

A

The Theory of Mind

94
Q

Studied observational learning and the consequences a model has on subjects. Responsible for Bobo Doll experiment

A

Albert Bandura

95
Q

Study where children viewed how an adult interacted with a doll and then when placed in the room with that doll acted in a similar fashion (aggressivity)

A

Bobo Doll Experiment

96
Q

Learning by seeing the consequences of another’s behavior

A

Vicarious Learning

97
Q

Negative, destructive and abusive behavior

A

Antisocial Behavior

98
Q

Positive, constructive and helpful behavior

A

Prosocial Behavior

AP Psych (9 decks)

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