AP Psych Unit 5 Flashcards
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods (attention, judgement, memory, self-control, emotion, perception)
Psychoactive drugs
Disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk
Substance use disorder
Diminished control, diminished social functioning, hazardous use, addiction
When drug use is a disorder
Diminishing effect w/ regular use of drug, requiring user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect
Tolerance
The study of psychoactive drugs
Psychopharmacology
mimic neurotransmitters (excite)
Agonists
prevent neurotransmitters from binding to receptor sites (inhibit)
Antagonists
Physical illness following withdrawal of a drug
Withdrawal symptoms
Reduction in body’s response to a drug (needs more)
Drug tolerance
Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
Depressants
Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use (alcoholism)(CNS numb)
Alcohol use disorder
Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety (numbs CNS)
Opiates
increase CNS function, higher HR, metabolism energy attention (produce tolerance, withdrawal effects, disturbed sleep, reduced appetite, euphoric response)
Stimulants
active chemical THC, has mild depressant affects, hallucinogenic (relaxation, time distortion, pain relief, perceptual distortions)
Marijuana
Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
Depressants
Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use (alcoholism)
Alcohol use disorder
Drugs that depress the activity of the CNS, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
Barbiturates
Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
Opiates
Drugs such as caffeine, nicotine, coke and ecstasy that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
Stimulants
Stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco
Nicotine
Powerful and addictive stimulant derived from coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria
blocks reuptake, excess neurotransmitters remain in synapse and produce a rush, when wears off, absence of neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine produce a crash
Cocaine
Drugs such as meth that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes
Methamphetamine
Powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the CNS, w/ speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; overtime appears to reduce baseline dopamine lvls.
Methamphetamine
Synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but w/ short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition
Ecstasy triggers dopamine, releases stored serotonin-blocking reuptake, which prolongs serotonin’s “feel-good”
Ecstasy (MDMA)
Psychedelic drugs such as LSD that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in absence of sensory input
Hallucinogens
Altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
Near-death experience
powerful hallucinogenic drug, created by Hofmann, trips can range from euphoria to terrifying
LSD
Major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
THC
Synthetic marijuana that mimics THC, can cause anger and hallucinations
K2/Spice
Decreasing responsiveness w/ repeated exposure to a stimulus
Habituation
Learning that certain events occur together.
The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
Associative learning
Any event or situation that evokes a response
Stimulus
Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
Operate behavior
The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language
Cognitive learning
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Classical conditioning
The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior w/o reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree w/ (1) but not w/ (2)
Behaviorism
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
Neutral stimulus
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food’s in the mouth
Unconditioned response
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response.
Unconditioned stimulus
A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Conditioned response
In classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association w/ an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
Acquisition
A procedure in which conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience gets paired w/ new neutral stimulus, creating a second (weaker) conditioned stimulus.
Higher-order conditioning
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in a classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) doesn’t follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
Extinction
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
Spontaneous recovery
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus elicit similar responses
Generalization
In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that don’t signal an unconditioned stimulus
Discrimination
A type of conditioning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcing or diminished if followed by a punishment
Operant conditioning
Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Law of effect
A tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar, but not identical
Stimulus Generalization
The ability to respond differently to various stimuli
Stimulus Discrimination
Fear that persists even when no realistic danger exists
Phobia
Learned emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus
Conditioned Emotional Response
Exposing phobic people gradually to feared stimuli while they stay calm and relaxed
Systemic Desensitization
Learning to respond emotionally to a stimulus by observing another’s emotional reactions
Vicarious Classical Conditioning
Any event that follows a response and increases its likelihood of recurring
Reinforcer
Non-learned and natural; satisfies biological needs (ex. food, water, sex)
Primary Reinforcer
Learned reinforcer (ex. money, grades, approval, praise)
Secondary Reinforcer
Tangible secondary reinforcer (ex. money, gold stars, poker chips)
Token Reinforcer
Provided by other people (ex. learned desires for attention and approval)
Social Reinforcer
Apparatus designed to study operant conditioning in animals
Skinner Box
When a response is followed by a reward or other positive event
Positive Reinforcement
When a response is followed by the removal of an unpleasant event
Negative Reinforcement
Any event that follows a response and decreases the likelihood of it recurring (ex. a spanking)
Punishment
form of punishment that involves taking away something the individual values when they engage in an undesired behavior(ex. losing xbox privileges
Response Cost (omission training)
Small step to target goal
Successive Approximations
Molding responses gradually in a step-by-step fashion to a desired pattern
Shaping
Behaviors that are repeated because they appear to produce reinforcement
Superstitious Behavior
A reinforcer follows every correct response
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcers do NOT follow every response.
Partial Reinforcement
A set number of correct responses must be made to obtain a reinforcer
Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR)
Varied number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer
Variable Ratio Schedule (VR)
The first correct response made after a certain amount of time has elapsed, is reinforced
Fixed Interval Schedule (FI)
Reinforcement is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time
Variable Interval Schedule (VI)
Stimulus that is painful or uncomfortable
Aversive Stimulus
“Relief” suddenly becomes negatively reinforcing and will continue indefinitely
Avoidance learning (pair a tone w/ shock)
Mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
Cognitive map
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Latent learning
The sudden realization of one’s problem solution
Insight
Desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Intrinsic motivation
Desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
Extrinsic motivation
Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive or behavioral methods
Coping
Alleviating stress by avoiding/ignoring the stressor and attending to the emotional needs related to one’s stress action.
Emotion-focused coping
The hopelessness and passive resignation a creature learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
Learned helplessness
The perception that chance or outside forces beyond personal control determine our fate.
External locus of control
The perception that you control your own fate.
Internal locus of control
The ability to control impulses to delay instant gratification for greater long-term rewards.
Self-control
Learning by watching and observing others
Observational Learning
The person whose behavior the subject watches and imitates
The Model
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Modeling
Neurons in the frontal lobe and they fire when a subject observes another performing a task and is able to replicate it
Mirror Neurons
That a child can “share” another’s experience and empathize what they see
The Theory of Mind
Studied observational learning and the consequences a model has on subjects. Responsible for Bobo Doll experiment
Albert Bandura
Study where children viewed how an adult interacted with a doll and then when placed in the room with that doll acted in a similar fashion (aggressivity)
Bobo Doll Experiment
Learning by seeing the consequences of another’s behavior
Vicarious Learning
Negative, destructive and abusive behavior
Antisocial Behavior
Positive, constructive and helpful behavior
Prosocial Behavior
