AP Psych Unit 4 Flashcards
Raw data, information from our five senses. The source is our sensory receptors (bottom-up)
Sensation
The process of interpreting the information that we obtained through our five senses. (Top-down)
Perception
minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus (such as the sound of an approaching bike on sidewalk behind us) 50% of the time.
Absolute threshold
When, w/o our awareness, our sensory system processes stimulus below our absolute threshold.
Subliminal stimulation
The amount of change needed between two stimuli to be perceived by an individual
Difference threshold
Mental predisposition that functions as lens thru which we perceive the world.
Perceptual set
Influences our interpretation of stimuli based on our experiences, assumptions, and expectations. (Involves top-down processing)
Perceptual set
sensory analysis that begins at entry lvl. w/ starting at small units and going up to form a complete perception
Bottom-up processing
Information processing guided by high lvl. Mental processes such as when we construct perceptions by filtering info thru our experience and expectations
Top-down processing
Predicts how and when we will detect a faint stimulus amid background noise.
Signal theory
The principal that in order to perceive two different stimuli the difference must be by a constant percent, instead of a constant amount.
Weber’s Law
Phenomenon in which exposure to one stimulus influences how a person responds to a subsequent, related stimulus
Priming
Process of converting one form of energy into another.
Transduction
Our diminished sensitivity to constant or routine odors, sounds, and touches) focuses our attention on the informative changes in our environment. Allows us to focus on changing stimuli
Sensory adaptation
A collection of basic knowledge that guides the perception of a situation (ambiguous stimuli)
Schemas
Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not the other.
Perceptual set
Unique function of the brain that accounts for the differences viewed in the world, as it relates to the senses
Perceptual adaptation
a scientific discipline which examines human behavior and capabilities in order to find the best ways to design products, equipment and systems for maximum safe, effective, satisfying use by humans.
Human Factors Psychologists
The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition .
ESP
Study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis
Parapsychology
Distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic (?’s) vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.
Wavelength
The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as colors blue, green, etc.
Hue
Amt. of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. (?) is determined by the wave’s amplitude (height).
Intensity
The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.
Pupil
Ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. When you feel disgust or are about to answer no to question, your pupils constrict.
Iris
The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
Lens
The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.
Retina
In sensation and perception, the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects in the retina
Rods
Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or well-lit conditions. The (?) detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.
Cones
Nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.
Optic Nerve
The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a (?) because no receptor cells are located there.
Blind spot
The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster.
Fovea
The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.
Three color theory
The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.
Opponent-process theory
Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.
Feature detectors
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions.
Brain delegates the work of processing motion, form, depth, and color to different areas
Parallel processing
An organized whole. Psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes; imagining the panda bear and triangle out of circles
Gestalt