AP Psych Master Deck Flashcards
CRAAAMMMIIIINGGGG (KILLING MSYELF)
Several types of tests measure various elements of human behavior such as abilities, interests, personality
P: Gain direct insight into parts of a person’s behavior
C: Doesn’t provide accurate rep. of person’s abilities/personality
Testing Method
conduct in-depth investigations of individual persons/small groups
P: insight into specific cases
C: isolated circumstances that can’t be replicated; may distort experience; unintentionally encouraging to answer in a certain way
Case-Study Method
group observed at intervals over extended period of time
P: enable researchers to see change overtime
C: time-consuming, $$$
Longitudinal method
compare diff. and similarities among ppl. in diff age groups at given time
P: less time-consuming than longitudinal method
C: diff. between members can’t be contributed to age/development
cross-sectional method
observe behavior of ppl./animals in natural habitat
P: witnesses people in non-artificial settings
C: no control over setting/events that occur
Naturalistic-observation method
administer a treatment, then observe participants to show how treatment influences behavior, if at all
P: able to manipulate variables to determine cause/effect; lab setting enables researcher to monitor and record all stages of the experiment
C: lab may not reflect real-life conditions; volunteer bias, researcher bias, placebo effect
Experimental method
Participants observed in lab settings
P: enables researchers to control certain aspects of the study
C: labs can’t duplicate real-life environments
laboratory-observation method
peoople respond to series of qs ab specific subject
P: enables info gathered ab large # of ppl.
C: ppl. not honest; survey samples not rep. of population as a whole
survey method
unconscious mind plays role in everything;
jung, adler, freud
unconscious, unresolved repressed past issues
psychodynamic
behavior is the result of reinforcement, punishment, and observation
often we mimic our parents’ or friends’ depression; we like the attention
skinner, pavlov, bandura, thorndike, watson
behaviorism
focuses on unique humans issues such as self hope, love, creativity, nature, being, individuality
barriers to self actualization, ideal self and actual self not in congurence
rogers; maslow
humanism
how ppl. perceive remember, think, speak, and solve problems
irrational thoughts lead to depression and anxiety
piaget, chomsky, baddeley, ellis
cognitive
we’re result of 1000 yrs. of adaptation, survival of the fittest; anxiety is a defense mechanism learned in the wild; darwin
evolutionary
focus on bio and medicinal treatments; medical model, imbalance of NTMs, genetics, hormones, brain structure
biomedical
what is being tested in an experiment; stands alone and can’t be altered by other variables in an experiment; the cause
independent variable
what is being measured in an experiment; effect in the research study; the effect
dependent variable
language and logic side of the brain
left brain
creativity and spatial awareness
right brain
connector of the two brain hemispheres
corpus callosum
covers the brain; the outermost brain later
cerebral cortex
turns on the fight or flight; loss of appetite, sweats and shakes, nerves
sympathetic nervous system
turn off/calm fight or flight; calming down, drowsiness
parasympathetic nervous system
chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body; in the nervous system
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers released from endocrine glands that travel through the blood system to influence the nervous system to regulate behaviors such as aggression, mating, and parenting of individuals; ENDOCRINE*
hormones
stimulates hunger; feeding center; GABA*** think yo gabba gabba makes u hungry
lateral hypothalamus
hunger suppressing; glucose regulation; think the rat that kept venting food in its mouth when this got damaged
ventromedial hypothalamus
speech production; makes words; when this region is damaged speech is slurred
think boca like mouth in spanish
broca’s area
region of brain for comprehending words
wernicke’s area
same fertilized egg– same egg; identical DNA
identical twins
two separate eggs shared space in womb during development
fraternal twins
sensory neurons; bring outside info from outside world to body then brain;
hearing, smell, taste, pain, temp
afferent neurons
motor; brain to body; carry signals from brain to peripheral nervous system (PNS) to do action; effy
efferent neurons
process of understanding concepts/ideas during development
ex. all four-legged animals are “doggies”
assimiltion
occurs when new info causes you to modify existing schemas, adjusting view
term by piaget
accomodation
logical thinking; cog stages 7-11 by piaget, mastering use of logic in concrete ways
ex. child now understanding that a piece of chalk is still same chalk amt. even if broken in 2
concrete operations
philosophical thinking; piaget cog stages 12-18, abstract thoughts and ideas in head
formal operations
bottom-up processing; brain interpretation of five senses
sensation
top-down processing; based on prior knowledge, making sense of info
perception
night vision; work well in low light
rods
color vision; opponent pairs– color perception
cones
involuntary; conditioned response paired with specific stimuli, straight-forward
ex.pavlov’s dogs
classical conditioning
voluntary; a method of learning that uses reward/punishment to modify behavior, behavior rewarded is repeated behavior punished is diminished
operant conditioning
first items remembered in a list; think definition of wordd that means main/most important
primacy effect
last items remembered; think latest items
recency effect
loss of newest information learned; information interfered; think prefix ‘pro’ and its implications
proactive interference
loss of oldest info; think prefix that means ‘old’
retroactive interference
non-declarative; skills memory; unintentionally memorized/subconscious
ex. typing on a keyboard
implicit memory
declarative; facts; remembering intentionally
explicit memory
remembering specific information without any clues on retrieving it
ex. remembering title of a book read last week, the temp of boiling water
recall
remembering specific information with an assistive clue
ex. seeing a specific face and trying to remember the name
recognition
step-by-step procedure that provides right answer to specific problem; computer-esque; the long route
algorithm
rule-of-thumb; mental shortcut, to solve issue w minimal effort
heuristic
stereotypes; mental shortcut we use when estimating probabilities
ex. thinking someone that holds a briefcase while wearing suit and tie is lawyer, bc we imagine lawyers like that
representative heuristics
based on the available info; mental shortcut we make based on emotional cues, familiar facts, and vivid images
ex. if falling airplane parts or shark attacks are a more likely cause of death in the United States, most people would say shark attacks; untrue!
availability heuristics
basic sound units that distinguish one word from another
ex. p, b, d, t in the words pad, bad, pat, and bat
phonemes
basic units of meaning; units of language that cannot be defined further; morph word together
ex. incoming: the words in, come, -ing forming incoming
morphemes
processing speed; ability to think quickly, reason, and solve problems independent of previously acquired knowledge; cattell
fluid intelligence
acquired knowledge; vocabulary and reasoning based on acquired info
crystallized intelligence
test measures what it should be measuring, accuracy of study even outside of context of study
validity
same scores on a retest; consistency of findings via psych research
reliability
what you’ve learned; measures skills + knowledge learned in a given grade lvl.
achievement test
assessing what a person may be capable of doing or predict how successful they could be
aptitude test
motivated by personal satisfaction; internal drive wo outside influence; closely related to internal locus of control
intrinsic motivation
motivated by rewards; money, grades, closely related to external locus of control
extrinsic motivation
democratic/intrinsic; theory that people are self-motivated by the challenge of work
theory Y
rewards or punishment/extrinsic,theory that people dislike work and have little ambition, unwilling to take responsibility
think gen X
theory X
