AP Human Geo: Chapter 9 Flashcards
- Active Solar Energy Systems
Solar energy systems that collect energy through the use of mechanical devices such as photovoltaic cells or flat-plate collectors.
- Adolescent Fertility Rate
The number of births per 1000 women ages 15 to 19.
- Biomass Fuel
Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste.
- Breeder Reactor
A nuclear power plant that creates its own fuel from plutonium.
- Demand
The quantity of something that consumers are willing and able to buy.
- Developed Country
(More developed country [MDC] or relatively developed country) A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.
- Developing Country
(Less developed country [LDC]) A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development.
- Development
A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.
- Fair Trade
An alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker-owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organization, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards.
- Female Labor Force Participation Rate
The percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home.
- Fission
The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy.
- Foreign Direct Investment
(FDI) Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.
- Fossil Fuel
An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.
- Fracking
(Hydraulic Fracturing) The pumping of water at high pressure to break apart rocks in order to release natural gas.
- Fusion
Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium.
- Gender Inequality Index
(GII) A measure of the extent of each country’s gender inequality.
- Geothermal Energy
Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks.
- Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year).
- Gross National Income
(GNI) The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enter the country.
- Housing Bubble
A rapid increase in the value of houses followed by a sharp decline in their value.
- Human Development Index
(HDI) An indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, that is based on income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.
- Hydroelectric Power
Power generated from moving water.
- Inequality-Adjusted HDI
(IHDI) Modification of the HDI to account for inequality within a country.
- Literacy Rate
The percentage of a country’s people who can read and write.
- Maternal Mortality Ratio
The number of women who die giving birth per 100000 births.
- Microfinance
Provision of small loans and other financial services to individual and small businesses in developing countries.
- Millennium Development Goals
Eight international development goals that all members of the United Nations have agreed to achieve by 2015.
- Nonrenewable Energy
A source of energy that has a finite supply capable of being exhausted.
- Passive Solar Energy Systems
Solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices.
- Photovoltaic Cell
A solar energy cell, usually made from silicon, that collects solar rays to generate electricity.
- Potential Reserve
The amount of as resource in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist.
- Primary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth’s surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.
- Productivity
The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.
- Proven Reserve
The amount of a resource remaining discovered deposits.
238.Purchasing Power Parity
(PPP) The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another county; PPP adjusts income figures to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods.
- Radioactive Waste
Materials from a nuclear reaction that emit radiation; contact with such particles may be harmful or lethal to people; therefore, the materials must be safely stored for thousands of years.
- Renewable Energy
A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans.
- Secondary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.
- Structural Adjustment Program
Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation, selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services.
- Supply
The quantity of something that producers have available for sale.
- Tertiary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, something extended to the provision of all goods and services to people, in exchange for payment.
- Uneven Development
The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.
- Value Added
The gross value of a product minus the cost of raw material and energy.
- Devolution
Transfer of power from the central government to sub-government.
- Command Economy
Government determines the cost of the product and what to sell.
- Mixed Economy
Allow significant government control while still providing for market principles.
- Market Economy
Producers determine the cost of product and what to sell based on what people determine what to purchase.
- Supranational Organization
Organizations that transcend national boundaries to make decisions on a geopolitical level.
- Geopolitics
Study of spatial and territorial dimensions of power relationships within the global political-territory order.
- Centrifugal Forces
Forces that fragments states.
