AP Human Geo: Chapter 10 Flashcards
- Agribusiness
Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.
- Agricultural Revolution
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.
- Aquaculture
(Aquafarming) The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions.
- Cereal Grain
(Cereal) A grass that yields grain or food.
- Commercial Agriculture
Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.
- Crop Rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.
- Desertification
Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. Also known as semiarid land degradation.
- Dietary Energy Consumption
The amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilocalories (Calories in the United States).
- Double Cropping
Harvesting twice a year from the same field.
- Food Security
Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
- Green Revolution
Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.
- Horticultural
The growing of fruits, vegetable, and flowers.
- Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.
- Milkshed
The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.
- Paddy
The Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah.
- Pastoral Nomadism
A for of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.
- Pasture
Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing.
- Plantation
A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale.
- Prime Agricultural Land
The most productive farmland.
- Ranching
A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.
- Ridge Tillage
A system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.
- Sawah
A flooded field for growing rice.
- Shifting Cultivation
A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.
- Slash-and Burn Agriculture
Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.
- Spring Wheat
Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer.
- Subsistence Agriculture
Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer’s family.
- Sustainable Agriculture
Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides.
- Swidden
A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.
- Thresh
To beat out grain form stalks.
- Transhumance
The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.
- Truck Farming
Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning “bartering” or “exchanging of commodities.”
- Undernourishment
Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity.
- Wet Rice
Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth.
- Winnow
To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind.
- Winter Wheat
Wheat planted in the autumn and harvested in the early summer.
