AP Human Geo: Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Acid Deposition
A

Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, that enter the atmosphere - where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid - and return to Earth’s surface.

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2
Q
  1. Acid Precipitation
A

Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog.

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3
Q
  1. Air Pollution
A

Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air.

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4
Q
  1. Apparel
A

An article of clothing.

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5
Q
  1. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
A

(BOD) The amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution.

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6
Q
  1. Break-of-Bulk Point
A

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.

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7
Q
  1. Bulk-Gaining Industry
A

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

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8
Q
  1. Bulk-Reducing Industry
A

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

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9
Q
  1. Chlorofluorocarbon
A

(CFC) A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers.

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10
Q
  1. Cottage Industry
A

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, commonly found prior to the Industrial Revolution.

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11
Q
  1. Ferrous
A

Metals, including iron, that are utilized in the production of iron and steel.

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12
Q
  1. Fordist Production
A

A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

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13
Q
  1. Greenhouse Effect
A

The anticipated increase in Earth’s temperature caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted bu the surface.

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14
Q
  1. Industrial Revolution
A

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

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15
Q
  1. Just-in-Time Delivery
A

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed.

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16
Q
  1. Labor-Intensive Industry
A

An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.

17
Q
  1. Maquiladora
A

A factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico near the U.S. border to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico.

18
Q
  1. New International Division of Labor
A

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

19
Q
  1. Nonferrous
A

Metals utilized to make products other than iron and steel.

20
Q
  1. Nonpoint-Source Pollution
A

Pollution that originates from a large, diffuse area of a body of water.

21
Q
  1. Outsourcing
A

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

22
Q
  1. Ozone
A

A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation, found in the stratosphere, a zone 15 to 50 kilometers (9 to 30 miles) above Earth’s surface.

23
Q
  1. Photochemical Smog
A

An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions.

24
Q
  1. Point-Source Pollution
A

Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source.

25
312. Post-Ford Pollution
Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.
26
313. Right-to-Work Law
A U.S. law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment.
27
314. Sanitary Landfill
A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin.
28
315. Site Factors
Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital.
29
316. Situation Factors
Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.
30
317. Textile
A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing.
31
318. Vertical Integration
An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.
32
319. Horizontal Integration
A strategy where a company creates or acquires production units for output which are alike - either complementary or competitive.