AP Human Geo: Chapter 11 Flashcards
- Acid Deposition
Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, that enter the atmosphere - where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid - and return to Earth’s surface.
- Acid Precipitation
Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog.
- Air Pollution
Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air.
- Apparel
An article of clothing.
- Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD) The amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution.
- Break-of-Bulk Point
A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.
- Bulk-Gaining Industry
An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.
- Bulk-Reducing Industry
An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.
- Chlorofluorocarbon
(CFC) A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers.
- Cottage Industry
Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, commonly found prior to the Industrial Revolution.
- Ferrous
Metals, including iron, that are utilized in the production of iron and steel.
- Fordist Production
A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.
- Greenhouse Effect
The anticipated increase in Earth’s temperature caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted bu the surface.
- Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
- Just-in-Time Delivery
Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed.
- Labor-Intensive Industry
An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.
- Maquiladora
A factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico near the U.S. border to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico.
- New International Division of Labor
Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.
- Nonferrous
Metals utilized to make products other than iron and steel.
- Nonpoint-Source Pollution
Pollution that originates from a large, diffuse area of a body of water.
- Outsourcing
A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.
- Ozone
A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation, found in the stratosphere, a zone 15 to 50 kilometers (9 to 30 miles) above Earth’s surface.
- Photochemical Smog
An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions.
- Point-Source Pollution
Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source.
- Post-Ford Pollution
Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.
- Right-to-Work Law
A U.S. law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment.
- Sanitary Landfill
A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin.
- Site Factors
Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital.
- Situation Factors
Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.
- Textile
A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing.
- Vertical Integration
An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.
- Horizontal Integration
A strategy where a company creates or acquires production units for output which are alike - either complementary or competitive.
