AP Human Geo: Chapter 2 Flashcards
- Demography
The scientific study of population characteristics.
- Overpopulation
A situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
- Census
A complete enumeration of a population.
- Ecumene
The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
- Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
- Physiological Density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
- Agricultural Density
The ration of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
- Crude Birth Rates
(CBR) The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society.
- Crude Death Rates
(CDR) The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society.
- Natural Increase Rates
(NIR) The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
- Doubling Time
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
- Total Fertility Rate
(TFR) The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
- Population Pyramid
A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex.
- Dependency Ratio
the number of people under age 15 and over 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
- Sex Ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
- Demographic Transistion
The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rates of natural increase, and higher total population.
- Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
- Medical Revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that has diffused to the poorer countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional cause of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.
- Zero Population Growth
(ZPG) A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increases rate equals zero.
- Epidemiological Transition
Distinctive cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition.
- Epidemiology
The branch of medical science concerned with the incident, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality.
- Pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
- Infant Mortality Rate
(IMR) The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year of age for every 1000 live births in a society.
- Life Expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.
