AP Human Geo: Chapter 1 Flashcards
- Cartography
The science of making maps.
- Map
A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth’s surface or a portion of it.
- Map Scale
The relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth’s surface.
- Projection
A system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map.
- Meridian
An arc drawn on a map between the north and south poles.
- Longitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian.
- Prime Meridian
The meridian, designated as 0° longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.
- Parallel
A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.
- Latitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator 0°.
- Greenwich Mean Time
The time in the zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0° longitude.
- International Dateline
An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the International Date Line heading east (towards America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (towards Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.
- Geographic Info Science
The development and analysis of data about Earth squired through satellite and other electronic information technologies.
- Remote Sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from other long-distance methods.
- Geographic Info. System
A computer system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and recievers.
- Location
The posturing of anything on Earth’s surface.
- Toponym
The name given to a portion of Earth’s surface.
- Site
The physical characteristic of a place.
- Region
An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.
- Cultural Landscape
The fashioning of a natural landscape by cultural groups.
- Cultural Landscape Approach
(Regional Studies) An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationship among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area.
- Regional Studies
(Cultural Landscape) An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area.
- Formal Regions
(Uniform or Homogeneous Region) An area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.
- Uniform Regions
(Formal region or Homogeneous Region) An area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.
- Functional Regions
(Nodal Regions) An area organized around a node or focal point.
- Nodal Regions
(Functional Regions) An organized around a node or a focal point.
- Mental Map
A representation of a particular of Earth’s surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in the place and where the place is located.
- Culture
The boy of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group’s district tradition.
- Globalization
Actions or process that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
- Housing Bubble
A rapid increase in the value of houses followed by a sharp decline in their value.
- Transnational Corporation
A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sell products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.
- Space
A physical gap or interval between two objects.
- Distribution
The arrangement of something across Earth’s surface.
- Concentration
The spread of something over a given area.
- Density
The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area.
- Pattern
The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.
- Concentration
Relationships among people and object across the barrier of space.
- Hearth
The region from which innovator ideas originate.
- Diffusion
The spread of a feature or grand from one place to another over time.
- Relocation Diffusion
The spread of a feature or trendy through bodily movement of people from one place to another.
- Expansion Diffusion
The spread of a feature or al trend among people from one area to another in an additive process.
- Hierarchical Diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places.
- Contagious Diffusion
The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.
- Stimulus Diffusion
the spread of an underlying principle even though a specific characteristic is rejected.
- Distance Decay
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
- Space-Time Compression
the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation system.
- Network
A chain of communication that connect places.
- Uneven Developement
The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.
- Resource
A substance in the environment that is useful to people is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.
- Renewable Resource
Something produces in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans.
- Nonrenewable Resource
Something produces in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans.
51.Sustainability
The use of Earth’s renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in the future.
- Conservation
The sustainable management of a natural resource.
- Preservation
The maintenance of resources in their present condition, with as little human impact as possible.
- Biotic
Composed of living organism.
- Abiotic
Composed of nonliving or inorganic matter.
- Atmosphere
The thin layer of gases surrounding Earth.
- Hydroshpere
All of the water on and near Earth’s surface.
- Lithosphere
earth’s crust and a portion of the upper mantle directly below the crust.
- Biosphere
All living organisms on Earth, including plants and animals, as well as microorganisms.
- Climate
The long-term average weather condition at a particular location.
- Ecosystem
A group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they interact.
- Ecology
The scientific study of organisms.
- Erosion
The washing away of soil by the flow of water.
- Depletion of Nutrients
Nutrients are depleted when plants withdraw more nutrients than natural process can replace.
- Cultural Ecology
A geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.
- Environmental Determinism
A nineteenth- and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography which argues that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.
- Possibilism
The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.
- Polder
Land created by the Dutch by draining water from an area.
