ap hug unit 7 Flashcards
explain how the industrial revolution facilitated the growth industrialization
industrialization began as a result of new technologies appearing
it was facilitated by the availability of natural resources
explain how the industrial revolution facilitated the diffusion of industrialization
as industrialization spread :
caused food supplies to increase and populations to grow
allowed workers to seek new industrial jobs in the cities
changed class structures
GNP (gross national product)
total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
GDP (gross domestic product)
total value of all goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a year
GNI (gross national income)
measure of the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside of the country
formal economy
legal economy regulated by governments
informal economy
illegal economy that governments do not monitor or tax
items not included in GNP, GDP, or GNI
second hand sales (garage sales, used cars, pawn shops)
illegal products (drugs, prostitution)
intermediate products (tires on a new car, flour in baked bread)
liberal models
all countries are capable of development
structuralist models
global structure cannot be easily changed, unequal power
rostow modernization model
stage 1 : traditional (subsistence farming, resistance to tech)
stage 2 : preconditions of takeoff (progressive leadership moves a country towards flexibility and openness)
stage 3 : takeoff (industrialization, increase in urbanization)
stage 4 : drive to maturity (tech spreads, industrialization, specialization, international trade, population growth slows)
stage 5 : high mass consumption (high incomes, many goods and services, majority of workers in the service sector)
criticisms of rostow’s ladder of development
too simplistic, necessity of a financial infrastructure to channel gains into investments, need for other infrastructure (education, roads, rails, communications, etc.)
dependency theory
structuralist model
suggests that global inequality is primarily caused by core nations (or advanced economies) exploiting peripheral nations
word systems theory
wallerstein
core : regions that have achieved high levels of socioeconomic prosperity and are dominant players in the global economy
periphery : poor regions that are dependent on the core and do not have much control over their own affairs
semi-periphery : more powerful than the peripheral regions but still dominated by the core
gender inequality index (GII)
composite index for measurement of gender disparity, which affects a country’s development
indicators :
maternal mortality rate
per capita income male vs female
% of females in schools vs males
literacy rate of females vs males
women in the workforce
roles of women change as countries develop economically
if you want to know level of development in a country, look at how it treats its women
microloans
small sum of money given to jumpstart a small business in the developing world
have provided opportunities for women to create small local businesses, which have improved standards of living
commodity dependence
a country is commodity-dependent if commodities account for more than 60% of its exports
a commodity is a primary product (can be a farm or mining product)
sustainability
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
UN sustainability goals
goals were not just created for LDCs, but for many MDCs also that struggle with things like pollution, inequality, and poverty
why did great britain industrialize first
flow of capital, had access to resources like coal, iron ore, and rivers
iron industry during the industrial revolution
first industry to benefit from the steam engine
iron ore was mined, smelted in furnaces, and transported for more refining
coal industry during the industrial revolution
prior to the industrial revolution wood was the main source of heat and energy
coal could more efficiently heat the furnaces and took less time than wood
engineering industry during the industrial revolution
mass production of machine parts
james watt improved the steam engine which replaced machines powered by humans or animals
