ap hug unit 7 Flashcards
explain how the industrial revolution facilitated the growth industrialization
industrialization began as a result of new technologies appearing
it was facilitated by the availability of natural resources
explain how the industrial revolution facilitated the diffusion of industrialization
as industrialization spread :
caused food supplies to increase and populations to grow
allowed workers to seek new industrial jobs in the cities
changed class structures
GNP (gross national product)
total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
GDP (gross domestic product)
total value of all goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a year
GNI (gross national income)
measure of the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside of the country
formal economy
legal economy regulated by governments
informal economy
illegal economy that governments do not monitor or tax
items not included in GNP, GDP, or GNI
second hand sales (garage sales, used cars, pawn shops)
illegal products (drugs, prostitution)
intermediate products (tires on a new car, flour in baked bread)
liberal models
all countries are capable of development
structuralist models
global structure cannot be easily changed, unequal power
rostow modernization model
stage 1 : traditional (subsistence farming, resistance to tech)
stage 2 : preconditions of takeoff (progressive leadership moves a country towards flexibility and openness)
stage 3 : takeoff (industrialization, increase in urbanization)
stage 4 : drive to maturity (tech spreads, industrialization, specialization, international trade, population growth slows)
stage 5 : high mass consumption (high incomes, many goods and services, majority of workers in the service sector)
criticisms of rostow’s ladder of development
too simplistic, necessity of a financial infrastructure to channel gains into investments, need for other infrastructure (education, roads, rails, communications, etc.)
dependency theory
structuralist model
suggests that global inequality is primarily caused by core nations (or advanced economies) exploiting peripheral nations
word systems theory
wallerstein
core : regions that have achieved high levels of socioeconomic prosperity and are dominant players in the global economy
periphery : poor regions that are dependent on the core and do not have much control over their own affairs
semi-periphery : more powerful than the peripheral regions but still dominated by the core
gender inequality index (GII)
composite index for measurement of gender disparity, which affects a country’s development
indicators :
maternal mortality rate
per capita income male vs female
% of females in schools vs males
literacy rate of females vs males
women in the workforce
roles of women change as countries develop economically
if you want to know level of development in a country, look at how it treats its women
microloans
small sum of money given to jumpstart a small business in the developing world
have provided opportunities for women to create small local businesses, which have improved standards of living
commodity dependence
a country is commodity-dependent if commodities account for more than 60% of its exports
a commodity is a primary product (can be a farm or mining product)
sustainability
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
UN sustainability goals
goals were not just created for LDCs, but for many MDCs also that struggle with things like pollution, inequality, and poverty
why did great britain industrialize first
flow of capital, had access to resources like coal, iron ore, and rivers
iron industry during the industrial revolution
first industry to benefit from the steam engine
iron ore was mined, smelted in furnaces, and transported for more refining
coal industry during the industrial revolution
prior to the industrial revolution wood was the main source of heat and energy
coal could more efficiently heat the furnaces and took less time than wood
engineering industry during the industrial revolution
mass production of machine parts
james watt improved the steam engine which replaced machines powered by humans or animals
transportation industry during the industrial revolution
steam engine led to the construction of many canals and railways
textile industry during the industrial revolution
the mechanization of the factory led to a massive increase in the availability of fabrics
food processing industry during the industrial revolution
canning food allowed for the shipment and storage of foods
tin cans also replace the glass bottles for keeping bacteria out
diffusion of the industrial revolution
symbolized britain’s dominance in the industrial revolution
english produced 1/2 of the world’s cotton fabric and iron
mined 2/3 of the coal
samuel slater
former worker at a factory in england
built the first US textile mill
where did the industrial revolution spread
the netherlands, russia, and sweden did not reach the level of industrialization of france, britain, and germany until the 20th century
the french revolution and napoleonic wars delayed the spread of the industrial revolution
what 4 regions does industry remain concentrated in
eastern north america, western europe, russia, japan
fordist
dominant mode of mass production during the 20th century
production of consumer goods at a single site
name and describe the economic sectors
primary sector : harvest from the earth (farming, mining, fishing, lumbering)
secondary sector : manufacturing of primary products into new products (logs -> tables)
tertiary sector : service industry, connecting producers to consumers, or facilitating trade
quaternary sector : research & development
quinary : local and federal government
deindustrialization
industrialization regions move jobs to places with cheaper labor
mostly in england and the US
sun belt resurgence
sun belt switched from a secondary industrial region to one that provides more services of the tertiary industries
technopoles
center of high tech manufacturing and quaternary industries that agglomerate
silicon valley in california is the largest in the world
post-fordism
current mode of production
flexible production practices :
just in time delivery
no more warehousing of parts, just what is needed
just in time delivery
managing inventory that provides products only as they are needed, rather than storing them
break of bulk
containerization allows goods to quickly ship within the same container using multiple modes of transportation
container can fit on boats, trains, trucks, planes
enables multinational companies to produce and assemble goods in many places
terminal costs
costs related to loading, transfers, and unloading
line-haul costs
costs of the actual physical movement of goods or passengers
route flexibility
how to get from point A to point B
least cost theory
weber
model of industrial location emphasized the owner’s desire to minimize transportation and labor costs and maximize agglomeration economies
three factors are the location of raw materials, the location of the market, and transportation costs
agglomeration economies are the benefits that come when firms and people locate near one another together in cities and industrial clusters
bulk gaining industry
makes products that weigh more after assembly than before assembly
ex: furniture
bulk reducing industry
makes products that weigh less after assembly than before assembly
ex: paper
hotelling model
similar businesses will agglomerate to increase profits to bring in a larger customer pool and higher profits
human development index (HDI)
measures average life expectancy, amount of education, and per capita income
OPEC
regulate the supply of oil in order to set the price on the world market
mercosur
southern common market, members are south american countries
brought about the free movement of goods and services among member states
world trade organization (WTO)
operates the global system of trade rules and helps developing economies build their trade capacity
european union (EU)
open up external markets in order to increase trade opportunities through trade agreements
free trade agreements
designated groups of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs and preferences on goods and services between them
outsourcing
process of moving industrial production to external facilities or organizations often out of the country
special economic zones (SEZ)
an area within a country that changes trade laws to encourage business
ex: hong kong
export processing zone (EPZ)
very specific type of free trade zone and typically are fenced in and specialize in producing a good for export
free trade zones
physically separated from the country where goods may be landed, stored, manufactured, or re-exported without any customs duty
generally organized around major seaports, international airports, and national frontiers
agglomeration
companies and industries cluster together and benefit from the cost reductions and gain efficiency
ecotourism
tourism based in natural environments
frequently helps to protect the environment in question while also providing jobs for the local population
explain why economic and social development happens at different times and rates in different places
some countries have advantages or different cultural beliefs
some countries go through the effects of colonialism, wars, technology gaps, etc.
explain how environmental problems stemming from industrialization might be remedied through sustainable development strategies
technological advances from industrialization continue to bring down the cost of renewable resources
explain why industrialization has helped improve standards of living while also contributing to geographically uneven development
rostov’s stages of growth have helped countries who have comparative advantages be utilized in international trade and so it increases development over time
