ap hug unit 1 Flashcards
reference maps
maps that show where something is in space
purpose is to display geographical data (landforms) and political data (transportation networks)
thematic maps
display spatial patterns and relationships between them
(like on chloropleth maps they show data about the weather)
absolute distance
exact distance between two places or objects
measured in miles/kilometers
relative distance
the approximate measurement between two places
about 23 hour drive to Texas from virginia
absolute direction
exact direction a person is heading
compass says to go west
relative direction
direction given in relation to another object’s current location
library is north of house, but west of school
distance
amount of space between two objects, regions, or land masses
direction
used to determine where things are in relation to others
shape
external form or contours of an object
area
specific region or space that can be defined by geographical boundaries
GIS (geographic information system)
geographical data mapped in order to help make a decision for businesses, government or other people
GPS (global positioning system)
uses remote sensing from satellite navigation systems to provide location and data
how do businesses and organizations use geographic data for decision making purposes?
a business may analyze a map to choose where to locate their stores or advertisements
how does the government use geographic data for decision making purposes?
the government can use maps to monitor changes to land use, infrastructure conditions, etc.
absolute location
describing a point or place on the map using coordinates such as latitude and longitude
relative location
the location of a place compared to a known place or geographic feature
chick fil a is 2 miles east of my neighborhood in fairfax
space
the way in which objects are placed on earth’s surface that are defined by their location
separated by some degree of distance from other things
place
specific point on earth with human and physical characteristics that distinguish it from other places
flows
movements of people, resources, and culture
distance decay
when the distance between two places increases, the interaction between them decreases
time-space compression
the ability to move items from one place to another and the acceleration of that process (like new technology and communication)
patterns
arrangement of objects on earth’s surface in relation to others
environmental determinism
theory that the environment influences people and can cause social development
environmental possibilism
theory that people can adjust or overcome an environment
global scale
referring to all of earth
regional scale
region or area that is larger than a community but smaller than the entire nation
national scale
referring to an entire country
local scale
referring to a town, city, or community
what do scales of analysis reveal
patterns and processes at different scales reveal different interpretations and variations in data
region
have one or more unifying characteristics (language, culture)
have patterns of activity, activities that happen in a repeated way like going to work or grocery shopping
formal region
areas of space that possess some homogeneous characteristic or uniformity
ex: french-speaking region of canada
functional region
areas that have a central place, or node, that is a focus or point of origin
ex: metropolitan areas
perceptual/vernacular region
area that people believe exist as part of their cultural identity
ex: the east coast
explain how regional boundaries are transitional and often are contested and overlapping
regional boundaries are places where those features or characteristics change
they are transitional which causes them to be contested and overlapping because they move from one place to another spreading the same idea
explain how geographers apply regional analysis at local, national, and global scales
they apply scales to understand different inter-relationships, like how regions affect each other.
explain why geographers study relationships and patterns among and between places
to reveal important spatial patterns by understanding relationship and patterns
they use the information to manage natural resource sustainability and to protect the planet as a whole
explain how geographers use maps to help them discover patterns and relationships in the world
maps are very useful and present information about the world in a visual way
geographers analyze the distribution of phenomena on maps to identify spatial patterns (clusters, disparities, etc.)
explain how geographers use a spatial perspective to analyze complex issues and relationships
geographers use a spatial perspective by considering the location, distribution, and interactions
they also consider the movement of people, goods, and ideas across space
mercator projection
shapes are very accurate, it is a very common projection
area and distance are least distorted out of all maps
useful for true directions like navigation and sea travel
robinson projection
the most common projection
shapes near the poles are flat
continents appear similar to the globe
distance at the poles are incorrect an there are minor distortions overall
cartography
the science of mapmaking
ways to express scale
fractions/ratios and verballys
large scale map
lots of detail, small area
small scale map
not a lot of detail, large area
time-space convergence
states the internet increases the interactions of many cultures
increases the use of english as a global language with music and hollywood movies
sequent occupance
the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place
each contributes to the cumulative cultural landscape
spatial diffusion
the spread of factors from place to place (cultural practices, people, ideas, etc.)
relocation diffusion
occurs when a person migrates from their home and shares their culture with a new location
expansion diffusion
when innovations spread to new places while staying strong in their original locations
hierarchical diffusion
when a cultural trend is spread from one segment of society to another in pattern
contagious diffusion
the process of an idea being spread rapidly throughout the population, affecting all places and individuals in the region
stimulus diffusion
when cultural ideas originating from a culture are adapted and changed by other cultures while maintaining the basic principles of the original ideas
