ap hug unit 3

Question 1

define the characteristics, attitudes, and traits that influence geographers when they study culture

Answer 1

culture comprises the shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors transmitted by a society

some cultural traits are food preferences, architecture and land use

cultural relativism and ethnocentrism

Question 2

cultural relativism

Answer 2

human’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture

Question 3

cultural ethncocentrism

Answer 3

the tendency to look at the world from the perspective of one’s own culture

belief that one’s own culture is superior

Question 4

toponyms

Answer 4

place names that can teach us :

the migration history of the settlers -> new england

the values and aspirations of the community -> jerusalem, maryland

historical events in the community’s history -> eureka, california

the physical character of a place -> grand canyon

Question 5

architecture

Answer 5

buildings and other physical structures on the cultural landscape

Question 6

folk culture

Answer 6

materials from the local physical environment (snow, mud, stone, etc.)

Question 7

pop culture

Answer 7

materials from factories that are manufactured (glass, steel, cement, etc.)

Question 8

language hearth

Answer 8

where particular languages originated and spread to

anatolia diffused europe’s languages

Question 9

language group

Answer 9

common words and similar vocabulary

ex: romance languages include french and italian

Question 10

language branch

Answer 10

share a common origin but evolved

Question 11

language family

Answer 11

existed before recorded history

ex: indo-european and sino-tibetan language families

Question 12

proto language

Answer 12

1st language spoken by societies

transformed into every language in the world as humans migrated and moved apart

Question 13

language divergence

Answer 13

languages become different over time and space

dialects, isolation leads to differences

Question 14

language convergence

Answer 14

long-isolated languages make contact with other languages and diffuse

Question 15

sound shifts

Answer 15

a slight change in a word across languages over time

help form different languages

ex: milk is leche in spanish and lait in french

Question 16

the conquest theory

Answer 16

“language replaced” as group takes over geographic areas

Question 17

what is the most spoken language in terms of geographic area

Answer 17

spanish

Question 18

agriculture theory

Answer 18

agriculture contributed to the diffusion of languages when poor farming in anatolia led to a migration

Question 19

universalizing religions

Answer 19

appeal to people everywhere

message diffused widely (missionaries will convert)

ex: christianity, islam, buddhism

Question 20

ethnic religions

Answer 20

meaning tied to a place

ex: hinduism, confucianism, daoism, judaism

Question 21

diffusion of christianity

Answer 21

hearth : israel

relocation diffusion : spanish in the new world

herarchical diffusion : roman empire

Question 22

diffusion of islam

Answer 22

hearth : mecca, saudi arabia

Question 23

diffusion of buddhism and hinduism

Answer 23

hearth : india for both

diffused along the silk road

Question 24

explain how landscape features and land/resource use reflect cultural beliefs and identities and help shape the use of space in a given society

Answer 24

attitudes toward ethnicity and gender, the role of women in the workforce, ethnic neighborhoods and indigenous communities and lands

Question 25

explain patterns and landscapes of language, religion, ethnicity and gender

Answer 25

regional patterns of language, religion, and ethnicity contribute to a sense of place, enhance placemaking, and shape the global cultural landscape

Question 26

explain how language, ethnicity, and religion are factors in creating..

Answer 26

centripetal and centrifugal forces

interactions among cultural traits and larger global forces can lead to new forms of cultural expression like lingua franca and creolization

Question 27

lingua franca

Answer 27

adopted common languages due to trade and business

ex : english or spanish

Question 28

pidgin

Answer 28

two or more languages coexist in a small geographic area

ex : india with different languages and dialects

Question 29

creole

Answer 29

mixture of two languages that is a native language of a group of people

ex: haitian creole was created in the caribbean when slavery and colonization merged cultures

Question 30

explain how historical processes impact current cultural patterns

Answer 30

colonialism, imperialism, and trade helped to shape patterns and practices of culture

Question 31

urbanization

Answer 31

process by which people live and are employed in a city

Question 32

globalization

Answer 32

increasing interconnectivity between different regions and countries across the globe

Question 33

explain how historical processes impact current cultural patterns

Answer 33

these processes come to bear on culture through media, technological changes, politics, economics, and social relationships

Question 34

acculturation

Answer 34

process of adapting to a new culture while still keeping some of one’s original culture

Question 35

assimilation

Answer 35

complete change in the identity of a minority culture group as it becomes part of the majority culture group

Question 36

syncretism

Answer 36

the blending together of two or more cultural influences

Question 37

explain how where people live and what resources they have access to impacts their cultural practices

Answer 37

the climate can influence what individuals wear, what foods are accessible, and how they use their free time

Question 38

explain how and why cultural ideas, practices, and innovations change or disappear over time

Answer 38

cultural ideas and practices are socially constructed and change through both small-scale and large-scale processes such as urbanization and globalization