ap hug unit 3 Flashcards
define the characteristics, attitudes, and traits that influence geographers when they study culture
culture comprises the shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors transmitted by a society
some cultural traits are food preferences, architecture and land use
cultural relativism and ethnocentrism
cultural relativism
human’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture
cultural ethncocentrism
the tendency to look at the world from the perspective of one’s own culture
belief that one’s own culture is superior
toponyms
place names that can teach us :
the migration history of the settlers -> new england
the values and aspirations of the community -> jerusalem, maryland
historical events in the community’s history -> eureka, california
the physical character of a place -> grand canyon
architecture
buildings and other physical structures on the cultural landscape
folk culture
materials from the local physical environment (snow, mud, stone, etc.)
pop culture
materials from factories that are manufactured (glass, steel, cement, etc.)
language hearth
where particular languages originated and spread to
anatolia diffused europe’s languages
language group
common words and similar vocabulary
ex: romance languages include french and italian
language branch
share a common origin but evolved
language family
existed before recorded history
ex: indo-european and sino-tibetan language families
proto language
1st language spoken by societies
transformed into every language in the world as humans migrated and moved apart
language divergence
languages become different over time and space
dialects, isolation leads to differences
language convergence
long-isolated languages make contact with other languages and diffuse
sound shifts
a slight change in a word across languages over time
help form different languages
ex: milk is leche in spanish and lait in french
the conquest theory
“language replaced” as group takes over geographic areas
what is the most spoken language in terms of geographic area
spanish
agriculture theory
agriculture contributed to the diffusion of languages when poor farming in anatolia led to a migration
universalizing religions
appeal to people everywhere
message diffused widely (missionaries will convert)
ex: christianity, islam, buddhism
ethnic religions
meaning tied to a place
ex: hinduism, confucianism, daoism, judaism
diffusion of christianity
hearth : israel
relocation diffusion : spanish in the new world
herarchical diffusion : roman empire
diffusion of islam
hearth : mecca, saudi arabia
diffusion of buddhism and hinduism
hearth : india for both
diffused along the silk road
explain how landscape features and land/resource use reflect cultural beliefs and identities and help shape the use of space in a given society
attitudes toward ethnicity and gender, the role of women in the workforce, ethnic neighborhoods and indigenous communities and lands
explain patterns and landscapes of language, religion, ethnicity and gender
regional patterns of language, religion, and ethnicity contribute to a sense of place, enhance placemaking, and shape the global cultural landscape
explain how language, ethnicity, and religion are factors in creating..
centripetal and centrifugal forces
interactions among cultural traits and larger global forces can lead to new forms of cultural expression like lingua franca and creolization
lingua franca
adopted common languages due to trade and business
ex : english or spanish
pidgin
two or more languages coexist in a small geographic area
ex : india with different languages and dialects
creole
mixture of two languages that is a native language of a group of people
ex: haitian creole was created in the caribbean when slavery and colonization merged cultures
explain how historical processes impact current cultural patterns
colonialism, imperialism, and trade helped to shape patterns and practices of culture
urbanization
process by which people live and are employed in a city
globalization
increasing interconnectivity between different regions and countries across the globe
explain how historical processes impact current cultural patterns
these processes come to bear on culture through media, technological changes, politics, economics, and social relationships
acculturation
process of adapting to a new culture while still keeping some of one’s original culture
assimilation
complete change in the identity of a minority culture group as it becomes part of the majority culture group
syncretism
the blending together of two or more cultural influences
explain how where people live and what resources they have access to impacts their cultural practices
the climate can influence what individuals wear, what foods are accessible, and how they use their free time
explain how and why cultural ideas, practices, and innovations change or disappear over time
cultural ideas and practices are socially constructed and change through both small-scale and large-scale processes such as urbanization and globalization
