ap hug unit 2 Flashcards
arithmetic density
the total number of people divided by the total land area
lets us understand where urbanization is occurring and the pressures people put on land in areas that are densely populated but not urban
identify the factors that influence the distribution of human populations at different scales
physical factors (climate, landforms, water bodies)
human factors (culture, economics, history, politics)
physiological density
total number of people divided by the total amount of arable land
lets us understand how much food is being produced in an area for the people the land supports
agricultural density
total number of farmers divided by the area of farmland
lets us keep track of where domestic food sources and and how many farms are in operation
explain how population distribution and density affect society and the environment
the pros of high population density and distribution are that there is more access to resources and cultural diversity
the cons of high population density and distribution include increased levels of pollution and pressure on natural resources and carrying capacity
describe elements of population composition used by geographers
patterns of age structure and sex ratio vary across different regions and may be mapped and analyzed at different scales
explain ways that geographers depict and analyze population composition
population pyramids are used to assess population growth and decline and to predict markets for goods and services
explain the factors that account for trends in population growth and decline
demographic factors determine a population’s growth and decline are fertility, mortality, and migration
geographers use the rate of natural increase and the population-doubling time to explain population growth and decline
social, cultural, political, and economic factors influence fertility, mortality, and migration rates
explain theories of population of growth and decline
demographic transition model can be used to explain population change over time with 5 stages (high stationary, early expanding, late expanding, and low stationary)
the epidemiological transition explains causes of changing death rates
malthusian theory
believed that population grew exponentially, while food grew linearly
believed that famine, disease and war would “negatively check” population growth
pronatalist
population policies that promote population growth
antinatalist
population policies that discourage population growth
explain how the changing role of females has demographic consequences that have reduced fertility rates in most parts of the world
changing social values and more opportunities to get education and a job
access to education and employment lets women focus on their career more and have less children
health care for women lets them be more aware of their reproductive systems and have options to not have children like contraception
ravenstein’s laws of migration
most migrants move only a short distance
there is a process of absorption, where people surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the attractive force of pull factors is spent
there is a process of dispersion, which is the inverse of absorption
explain the causes and consequences of an aging population
population aging is determined by birth/death rates and life expectancy
an aging population has political, social, and economic consequences, including the dependency ratio
