ap hug unit 2 Flashcards
arithmetic density
the total number of people divided by the total land area
lets us understand where urbanization is occurring and the pressures people put on land in areas that are densely populated but not urban
identify the factors that influence the distribution of human populations at different scales
physical factors (climate, landforms, water bodies)
human factors (culture, economics, history, politics)
physiological density
total number of people divided by the total amount of arable land
lets us understand how much food is being produced in an area for the people the land supports
agricultural density
total number of farmers divided by the area of farmland
lets us keep track of where domestic food sources and and how many farms are in operation
explain how population distribution and density affect society and the environment
the pros of high population density and distribution are that there is more access to resources and cultural diversity
the cons of high population density and distribution include increased levels of pollution and pressure on natural resources and carrying capacity
describe elements of population composition used by geographers
patterns of age structure and sex ratio vary across different regions and may be mapped and analyzed at different scales
explain ways that geographers depict and analyze population composition
population pyramids are used to assess population growth and decline and to predict markets for goods and services
explain the factors that account for trends in population growth and decline
demographic factors determine a population’s growth and decline are fertility, mortality, and migration
geographers use the rate of natural increase and the population-doubling time to explain population growth and decline
social, cultural, political, and economic factors influence fertility, mortality, and migration rates
explain theories of population of growth and decline
demographic transition model can be used to explain population change over time with 5 stages (high stationary, early expanding, late expanding, and low stationary)
the epidemiological transition explains causes of changing death rates
malthusian theory
believed that population grew exponentially, while food grew linearly
believed that famine, disease and war would “negatively check” population growth
pronatalist
population policies that promote population growth
antinatalist
population policies that discourage population growth
explain how the changing role of females has demographic consequences that have reduced fertility rates in most parts of the world
changing social values and more opportunities to get education and a job
access to education and employment lets women focus on their career more and have less children
health care for women lets them be more aware of their reproductive systems and have options to not have children like contraception
ravenstein’s laws of migration
most migrants move only a short distance
there is a process of absorption, where people surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the attractive force of pull factors is spent
there is a process of dispersion, which is the inverse of absorption
explain the causes and consequences of an aging population
population aging is determined by birth/death rates and life expectancy
an aging population has political, social, and economic consequences, including the dependency ratio
push factors
motivates a person to migrate away from their country or region of residence (ex: war, political problems)
pull factors
motivates a person to leave a region (ex: job opportunities, health care)
refugees
people who are being forced to leave their traditional lands due to persecution or material hardship within their society
internally displaced persons
forced to leave their homes due to conflict
remain within their country’s borders unlike refugees
asylum seekers
leave their countries to find protection
applied for protection in their country of refuge to become a refugee
transnational migration
migrants develop and maintain networks in the new and previous country
identify across multiple countries (blurring nationality)
creates culture in new country and sends money back to previous country (ex: religious buildings or schools)
transhumance migration
types of pastoralism nomadism
a seasonal movement of lovestock between summer and winter pastures
internal migration
moving from one region of the country to another
chain migration
occurs when a pioneering individual or group settles in a new place, establishing a new migrant foothold
step migration
occurs when people move up in a hierarchy of locations, with each move to a more advantageous or economically prosperous place
guest worker migration
non-permanent worker that comes in for low-cost labor
ex: building stadiums for the upcoming wc in qatar
rural to urban migration
the movement of people (typically farmers) from rural settlements to urban center in search of jobs
explain historical contemporary geographic effects of migration
historical-forced migration of slaves to america has affected population changes
industrial revolution caused a lot of population growth and increasing immigration out of those countries and increasing net in migration to countries like US
explain how where and how people live impact global, cultural, political, and economic patterns
people living together in certain areas makes them influence each other with different culture, their food, music, etc.
where people live can determine how many representatives are in the government and influence what issues politicians prioritize
explain how the interplay of environmental, economic, cultural, and political factors influence changes in population
changes in population can be influenced by things like natural disasters making people move away or job opportunities in cities attracting more people
explain how changes in population affect a place’s economy, culture, and politics
changes in population can change the economy if less or more people are buying goods
if there is more of a certain race in area, the culture will be made less diverse
if there are more democrats in an area, this can influence people’s political opinions
MDCs
more developed countries
have a lower density bc technology allows few to farm for many
LDCs
less developed countries
have a higher density bc of a lack of technology and most people raise their food
population pyramids
show age and gender of a country
poor countries have rapid growth (triangle) bc of lack of birth control, gender inequality, education
wealthier countries (coke bottle)
cyclical movement
movement that has a closed route
ex: commuting to work or school
periodic movement
movement that has a lengthy return date
ex: college or military
migratory movement
movement that is permanent
ex: moving to a new city
