ap hug unit 5

Question 1

market gardening

Answer 1

small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers

Question 2

plantation agriculture

Answer 2

the production of one or more cash crops on a large swathe of land

Question 3

mixed crop/livestock systems

Answer 3

agricultural systems that involve the production of both crops and livestock on the same piece of land

Question 4

shifting cultivation

Answer 4

involves clearing a small area of land, planting crops for a few years, and then moving on to a new plot of land when the soil fertility declines

Question 5

nomadic herding

Answer 5

seasonal movement of livestock along routes to regions with available grazing land and water sources

Question 6

ranching

Answer 6

type of commercial farming in which the livestock is allowed to roam over an established area

Question 7

metes and bounds system

Answer 7

system that uses physical features of local geography along with directions and distances to define and describe boundaries of land parcels

Question 8

township and range system

Answer 8

rectangular land division that divides land into 6x6 square parcels called townships

Question 9

long lot system

Answer 9

divides land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals

Question 10

explain the advances and impacts of the second agricultural revolution

Answer 10

new technology, increased food production that lead to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories

Question 11

bid-rent theory

Answer 11

as we move further from an urban area, land value will decrease

Question 12

6 assumptions made by von thunen’s model

Answer 12

all land in the area has similar site characteristics

all land in the area is uniform

the city is self-sufficient with no external influence

unoccupied wilderness completely surrounds the state

there are no specific roads; transportation occurs from farmer directly to city/market

farmers act to maximize their profits

Question 13

von thunen model

Answer 13

farmers produce different goods as distance icnreases from town center

cost of transportation determines use of land

Question 14

von thunen model rings

Answer 14

ring 1 : dairy and horticulture (perishable and expensive to transport so closer to city)

ring 2 : forest (wood used for variety practices and closer means more profit and it is heavy)

ring 3 : grains (easier to store and transport, further from city center bc they require a lot of land)

ring 4 : ranching and livestock (need lots of land, animals can transport themselves)

beyond the rings is known as wilderness (no profit is to be made that far out)

Question 15

economic sector pyramid

Answer 15

primary : closest to the ground (farming, mining fishing)

secondary : manufacturing of primary products into new products (logs to tables)

tertiary : service industry, connecting producers to consumers or trading (education)

quaternary : information or the exchange of goods (technology)

quinary : tied into research or higher education (government jobs)

Question 16

subsistence agriculture

Answer 16

production of food is primary for the family (mostly in LDCs)

less access to machines, more intensive work by hand

Question 17

commercial agriculture

Answer 17

mass production of food for profit (mostly in MDCs)

more machiens and transportation for moving products to markets

Question 18

luxury crops

Answer 18

not essential to survival

ex: tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco

Question 19

mediterranean agriculture

Answer 19

intensive, commercial

olives, grapes, figs, almonds, and dates thrive in this climate

Question 20

illegal drugs agriculture

Answer 20

farmers in the periphery often find it more profitable to grow drugs that are in high demand in core countries like the US

coca plant is mostly grown in colombia

opiates are mostly grown in southwest asia (afghanistan)

Question 21

intensive wet rice agriculture

Answer 21

intensive, subsistence

very labor intensive

grown on flat or terraced land , double cropping (2 crops at once)

Question 22

intensive agriculture

Answer 22

involves greater inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used

Question 23

extensive agriculture

Answer 23

used fewer inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used

Question 24

organic agriculture

Answer 24

production of crops without the use of pesticides and fertilizers or the raising of livestock without hormones and antibiotics

Question 25

agribusiness

Answer 25

the interconnected industry of food production involving farmers, processors, distributors, and retailers

Question 26

shifting cultivation

Answer 26

extensive, subsistence

use fire to clear vegetation from land in order to create fields for crops

Question 27

pastoral nomadism

Answer 27

extensive, subsistence

the breeding and herding of domesticated animals for subsistence

Question 28

how do people’s culture and the resources available to them influence how they grow food

Answer 28

cultural heritage informs dietary preferences and farming methods, while resources like land and water shape what can be grown

Question 29

explain what kind of cultural changes and technological advances have impacted the way people grow and consume food

Answer 29

the green revolution and gmo represented the changes brought on by technological advancements

modern fertilizers and tractors made it possible for food production to keep up with a growing population