ap hug unit 5 Flashcards
market gardening
small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers
plantation agriculture
the production of one or more cash crops on a large swathe of land
mixed crop/livestock systems
agricultural systems that involve the production of both crops and livestock on the same piece of land
shifting cultivation
involves clearing a small area of land, planting crops for a few years, and then moving on to a new plot of land when the soil fertility declines
nomadic herding
seasonal movement of livestock along routes to regions with available grazing land and water sources
ranching
type of commercial farming in which the livestock is allowed to roam over an established area
metes and bounds system
system that uses physical features of local geography along with directions and distances to define and describe boundaries of land parcels
township and range system
rectangular land division that divides land into 6x6 square parcels called townships
long lot system
divides land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals
explain the advances and impacts of the second agricultural revolution
new technology, increased food production that lead to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories
bid-rent theory
as we move further from an urban area, land value will decrease
6 assumptions made by von thunen’s model
all land in the area has similar site characteristics
all land in the area is uniform
the city is self-sufficient with no external influence
unoccupied wilderness completely surrounds the state
there are no specific roads; transportation occurs from farmer directly to city/market
farmers act to maximize their profits
von thunen model
farmers produce different goods as distance icnreases from town center
cost of transportation determines use of land
von thunen model rings
ring 1 : dairy and horticulture (perishable and expensive to transport so closer to city)
ring 2 : forest (wood used for variety practices and closer means more profit and it is heavy)
ring 3 : grains (easier to store and transport, further from city center bc they require a lot of land)
ring 4 : ranching and livestock (need lots of land, animals can transport themselves)
beyond the rings is known as wilderness (no profit is to be made that far out)
economic sector pyramid
primary : closest to the ground (farming, mining fishing)
secondary : manufacturing of primary products into new products (logs to tables)
tertiary : service industry, connecting producers to consumers or trading (education)
quaternary : information or the exchange of goods (technology)
quinary : tied into research or higher education (government jobs)
subsistence agriculture
production of food is primary for the family (mostly in LDCs)
less access to machines, more intensive work by hand
commercial agriculture
mass production of food for profit (mostly in MDCs)
more machiens and transportation for moving products to markets
luxury crops
not essential to survival
ex: tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco
mediterranean agriculture
intensive, commercial
olives, grapes, figs, almonds, and dates thrive in this climate
illegal drugs agriculture
farmers in the periphery often find it more profitable to grow drugs that are in high demand in core countries like the US
coca plant is mostly grown in colombia
opiates are mostly grown in southwest asia (afghanistan)
intensive wet rice agriculture
intensive, subsistence
very labor intensive
grown on flat or terraced land , double cropping (2 crops at once)
intensive agriculture
involves greater inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used
extensive agriculture
used fewer inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used
organic agriculture
production of crops without the use of pesticides and fertilizers or the raising of livestock without hormones and antibiotics
agribusiness
the interconnected industry of food production involving farmers, processors, distributors, and retailers
shifting cultivation
extensive, subsistence
use fire to clear vegetation from land in order to create fields for crops
pastoral nomadism
extensive, subsistence
the breeding and herding of domesticated animals for subsistence
how do people’s culture and the resources available to them influence how they grow food
cultural heritage informs dietary preferences and farming methods, while resources like land and water shape what can be grown
explain what kind of cultural changes and technological advances have impacted the way people grow and consume food
the green revolution and gmo represented the changes brought on by technological advancements
modern fertilizers and tractors made it possible for food production to keep up with a growing population
