ap hug unit 6 Flashcards
megacities
urban areas with a population over 10 million
ex: tokyo
metacities
urban areas with a population over 20 million
ex: delhi
megalopolis
an area with several large cities connected together to form an even larger urban area with a population of over 10 million
ex: boston to washington dc
metropolis
urban area with a population of over 1 million
ex: chicago
city
100,000-1,000,000 people
more functional specialization central business district, larger hinterland, and suburbs
town
10,000-100,000 people
higher level of specialization, banks, schools, hinterland
village
500-2,500 people
specialization, sells goods
hamlet
less than 500 people
has no urban function (store, gas station, services)
rank-size rule
cities in a country are placed in order from largest to smallest
2nd largest city has 1/2 of the population of the largest populated city
3rd largest city has 1/3 of the population of the largest populated city
4th largest city has 1/4 of the population of the largest populated city
primate city rule
largest city has more than twice the number of the second ranking city
these cities represent the culture of the country
ex: first largest city in france is paris (9 million) and second largest city is marseille (2 million)
world city
also known as a global or alpha city
important node or connecting point in the global economic system
location of trade or finances both nationally and globally
ex: liverpool was the first prominent world city, crucial shipping port of the industrial revolution
industrial revolution (2nd urban revolution)
manufacturing cities emerged based on factories, had terrible living, working, and health conditions
factories later moved outside of cities
road improvements led to increase of suburbanization
boomburb
rapidly growing city in the US that remains suburban, even as it reaches populations of urban core cities
exurbs
area outside the typically denser inner suburban area of a metropolitan area
new urbanism
urban movement to create livable space in existing
focus on green energy transportation and spaces
gentrification
creates new businesses in low income areas
eventually the prices become too high for people that originally lived there
central place theory
christaller
how and where central places would be spatially distributed
central places have a surrounding complementary region to which it provides goods and services
central place theory assumptions
flat surface with no barriers
soil is fertile everywhere
population and transportation are equal
greenbelts
areas of undeveloped land around an urban area
smart growth
legislation and regulations to limit suburban growth and preserve farmland
concentric zone model
burgess
CBD
zone of transition
zone of independent worker’s homes
zone of better residences
commuter’s zone
model is dynamic and changing
as cities grew, zones invaded other zones
sector model
hoyt
CBD
transportation and industry
low class residential
middle class residential
high class residential
low rent or high rent zones could begin in CBD and extend to the outer edge
focused more on residential patterns and level of income of families
multiple nuclei model
harris and ullman
CBD : its dominance began to wane as the center of urban areas as other centers developed
interstates allowed for key growth outside of central city
led to creation of edge cities
galactic city model
accounts for even more increased urban sprawl associated with highly prevalent automobiles (based on detroit, a motor city)
CBD has begun to decentralize due to the sprawl and growing edge cities
identify the different urban design initiatives and practices
sustainable design initiatives and zoning practices include :
mixed land use, walkability, transportation-oriented development, and smart-growth policies like greenbelts and new urbanism
explain the effects of different urban design initiatives and practices
praise for urban design initiatives includes :
the reduction of sprawl, improved walkability and transportation, improved livability and promotion of sustainable options
criticisms include :
increased housing costs and possible de facto segregation
explain the effects of different urban design initiatives and practices
quantitative data from census and survey data :
shows info about changes in population composition and size in urban areas
qualitative data from field studies and narratives :
provides info about individual attitudes toward urban change
explain causes and effects of geographic change within urban areas
urban renewal and gentrification have both positive and negative consequences
pros : improved infrastructure, economic growth
cons : erasing culture, increased cost of living
explain how physical geography and resources impact the presence and growth of cities
the response to human needs and activities, and their locations are important in determining which cities will grow
ex: decision to where to locate the political capital may cause one town to grow into city with specialized businesses and employment opportunities, and another town to lose population
explain how the attitudes, values, and balance of power of a population reflected in the built landscape
praise for urban design initiatives includes the reduction of sprawl, improved walkability and transportation, improved and diverse housing options, improved livability and promotion of sustainable options
if a community wants these things, the design of a city can completely change
explain how urban areas are affected by unique economic, political, cultural, and environmental challenges
as urban populations move within a city, challenges result in issues related to redlining, blockbusting, and affordability
more challenges can be accessing certain services, especially medical ones, and rising crime rates
redlining
preventing members of minority groups from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods
blockbusting
convincing white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will move into the neighborhood
