AP Gov Chap. 5 Esmeralda Ayala Flashcards
Harriet Tubman
born a slave in Maryland in the early 1820s, Tubman escaped to freedom and became a conductor on the Underground Railroad
abolitionist
a supporter, especially in the early nineteenth century, of ending the institution of slavery
civil rights
the government-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individual
equal protection clause
section of the 14th amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive “equal protection of the laws”
Frederick Douglass
a former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and suffragist
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
leading 19th century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Lucretia Mott, organized the Seneca falls convention
Lucretia Mott
leading 19th century feminist, suffragist, and abolition who, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, organized the Seneca Falls Convention
Seneca Falls Convention
the first major feminist meeting, held in New York State in 1848, which produced the historic “Declaration of Sentiments” calling for equal rights for women
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
a supreme court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African american
Emancipation Proclamation
president Abraham Lincoln issued this proclamation on January 1, 1863 in the third year of the Civil War
Thirteenth Amendment
one of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically bans slavery in the United States
Fourteenth Amendment
one of the three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all U.S. citizens
Fifteenth Amendment
one of the three amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves
Susan B. Anthony
19th century feminist, suffragist, and founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association
Civil Rights Act of 1875
a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction era in response to civil rights violations against African Americans
Jim Crow laws
state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. All were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period
poll taxes
a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual. Although often associated with states of the former Confederate States of America Confederacy
grandfather clause
a provision in which an old rule continues to apply to some existing situations while a new rule will apply to all future cases
Progressive Era (1890-1920)
a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States that spanned from the 1890s to the 1920s
Plessy v. Ferguson (18960
Supreme Court case that challenged a Louisiana statute requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites
separate-but-equal doctrine
a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law according to which racial segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed “equal protection” under the law to all people
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as a bi-racial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
an organization formed on February 18, 1890 to advocate in favor of women’s suffrage in the United States
suffrage movement
the drive for voting rights for women that took place in the United States in the 19th century and early 20th century until ratification of the 19th amendment in 1920
National Woman’s Party (NWP)
was an outgrowth of the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, which had been formed in 1913 by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns to fight for women’s suffrage
19th Amendment
prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex
NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund (LDF)
a leading United States civil rights organization and law firm based in New York City
Thurgood Marshall
an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991
Harry S Truman
the 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as vice president
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that American state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality
Dwight D. Eisenhower
an American army general and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961
Rosa Parks
an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott
Martin Luther King Jr.
an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968
John F. Kennedy
an American politician and journalist who served as the 35th president of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963
Civil Rights Act of 1964
a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
National Organization for Women (NOW)
American feminist organization founded in 1966. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. states and in Washington, D.C.
Eleanor Roosevelt
American political figure, diplomat and activist. She served as the First Lady of the United States from March 4, 1933 to April 12, 1945 during her husband President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s four terms in office, making her the longest serving First Lady of the United States.
Equal Pay Act of 1963
a United States labor law amending the Fair Labor Standards Act, aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex
Title IX
provision of the Education Amendments pf 1972 that bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating against female students
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex
League of United Latin American and Citizens (LULAC)
the oldest surviving Latino civil rights organization in the U.S. It was established on February 17, 1929, in Corpus Christi, Texas, largely by Hispanic veterans of World War I who sought to end ethnic discrimination against Latinos in the United States.
Cesar Chavez
an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962
Dolores Huerta
an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Cesar Chavez, is a co-founder of the National Farm workers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers
MALDEF
a national non-profit civil rights organization formed in 1968 to protect the rights of Latinos in the United States
Chinese Exclusion Act
a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers
Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)
a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of their citizenship
LGBT community
a loosely defined grouping of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, LGBT organizations, and subcultures, united by a common culture and social movements
Lawrence v. Texas (2003)
a landmark civil rights case by the United States Supreme Court. The Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6–3 decision and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory
United States v. Windsor (2013)
a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting U.S. federal interpretation of “marriage” and “spouse” to apply only to opposite-sex unions
Obergfell v. Hodges (2015)
Supreme Court ruling that held that same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the Constitution
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability
standards of review
the amount of deference given by one court in reviewing a decision of a lower court or tribunal. The standard of review may be set by statute or precedent.
suspect classifications
in American jurisprudence, a suspect classification is any classification of groups meeting a series of criteria suggesting they are likely the subject of discrimination
strict scrutiny
a form of judicial review that courts use to determine the constitutionality of certain laws
affirmative action
reservation in India and Nepal, positive action in the United Kingdom, and employment equity in Canada and South Africa, is the policy of promoting the education and employment of members of groups that are known to have previously suffered from discrimination
intermediate standard of review
a standard of review in which the court determines whether classifications serve an important governmental objective and are substantially related to serving that objective
rational basis standard of review
a standard of review in which the Court determines whether any rational foundation for the discrimination exists
