AP Gov Chap. 12 Esmeralda Ayala Flashcards
501 (c) group
Groups that are exempted from reporting their contributions and can receive unlimited contributions. Section 501c of the tax code specifies that such groups cannot spend more than half their funds on political activities
527 political committees
Independent political groups that are not subject to contribution restrictions because they do not directly seek the election of particular candidates. Section 527 of the tax code specifies that contributions to such groups must be reported to the IRS
Barack Obama
the first African American president of the United States, a Democrat, who served as forty fourth president from 2009 to 2017
Bernie Sanders
is an American politician serving as the junior United States Senator from Vermont since 2007. A self-described democratic socialist and progressive, Sanders is pro-labor and emphasizes reversing economic inequality
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
banned soft money contributions to national political parties from corporations and unions; independent expenditures by corporations, labor unions, trade associations, and nonprofit organizations are sharply restricted, The elimination of “soft money”
campaign consultant
sells a candidate the technologies, services, and strategies required to get that candidate elected
campaign manager
travels with the candidate and coordinates the many different aspects of the campaign
Citizens United v. FEC
A case challenging the Federal Election Commission’s ruling that the documentary film entitled Hilary produced by a non profit corporation and funded by for-profit corporations constituted a violation of the ban on corporate contributions to federal campaigns.The Supreme Court ruled that corporate funding of independent political ads in candidate elections cannot be limited under the first amendment
closed primary
a primary in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote
communications director
develops overall media strategy for the candidate
Contrast ad
states differences between candidates, with a bias to the person buying the ad PM
conventional political participation
Relatively routine political behavior that uses institutional channels and is acceptable to the dominant culture
crossover voting
Participation in the primary of a party with which the voter is not affiliated
Donald J. Trump
the forty-fifth president, a Republican, elected in 2016; first president elected without prior political or military experience
elector
Member of the Electoral College chosen by methods determined in each state
electorate
Citizens eligible to vote
Electorate College
Representatives of each state who cast the final ballots that actually elect a president
Federal Election Campaign Act
A law passed in 1974 for reforming campaign finances. The act created the Federal Election Commission, provided public financing for presidential primaries and general elections, limited presidential campaign spending, required disclosure, and attempted to limit contributions
Federal Election Commission
A six-member bipartisan agency created by the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974. It administers and enforces campaign finance laws
finance chair
The campaign professional who directs fundraising, campaign spending, and compliance with campaign-finance laws and reporting requirements
front-loading
The recent tendency of states to hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalized on media attention.
general election
A regular election of candidates for office, as opposed to a primary election
get-out-the-vote
A campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls
Help America Vote Act
Passed in 2002, designed to create a more uniform voting system. Afforded states to shift from older voting machines to the touch screens used in most states today
Hillary R. Clinton
first female major party candidate for president of the United States, a Democrat, who ran against President Donald J. Trump in 2016
incumbency
the official who holds an office
independent expenditures
Spending by political action committees, corporations, or labor unions that is done to help a party or candidate but is done independently of them
initiative
A petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters can force a public vote on a proposed salute, constitutional amendment, charter amendment or ordinance, or, in its minimal form, to simply oblige the executive or legislative bodies to consider the subject by submitting it to the order of the say
inoculation ad
Advertising that attempts to counteract and anticipated attack from the opposition before the attack is launched
mandate
Requirements that direct states and local governments to provide additional services under the threat of penalties or as a condition of the the receipt of federal grant money. For example the drinking age within states
matching funds
Donations to presidential campaigns from the federal government that are determined by the amount of private funds a qualifying candidate raises
McCutcheon v. FEC
Supreme Court case in which a narrow 5-4 majority struck down the limit on the total amount that one wealthy donor is permitted to contribute to all federal candidates, parties, and political action committees (PACs) combined
mid-term election
Election in the United States in which members of the united states congress and some legislatures and governors are elected
Negative ad
Advertising on behalf of a candidate that attacks the opponent’s platform or character
open primary
a primary in which any registered voter can vote (but must vote for candidates of only one party)
political action committee
committee formed by a special-interest group to raise money for their favorite political candidates
Pollster
A professional who takes public opinion surveys that guide political campaigns
Positive ad
Advertising on behalf of a candidate that stresses the candidate’s qualifications, family, and issue positions, without reference to the opponent
presidential coattails
the alleged tendency of candidates to win more votes in an election because of the presence at the top of the ticket of a better-known candidate, such as the president
press secretary
The individual charged with interacting and communicating with journalists on a daily basis
primary election
A preliminary election where delegates or nominees are chosen
prospective judgement
a voter’s evaluation of a candidate based on what he or she pledges to do about an issue if elected
public funds
Donations from the general tax revenues to the campaigns of qualifying presidential candidates
reapportionment
the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census
recall
A procedure allowing the people to vote or dismiss an elected official from state office before his or her term has expired
referendum
a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate
retrospective judgment
a voter’s evaluation of the performance of the party in power
runoff primary
A primary in which, to be successful, the candidate must receive a majority of all votes cast in that race
super PAC
political-action committee that is allowed to raise and spend unlimited amounts of money from corporations, unions, individuals and associations. Some nonprofit groups are allowed to contribute to super PACs without disclosing where their money came from; The most important difference between a super PAC and traditional candidate PAC is in who can contribute, and in how much they can give
turnout
The proportion of the voting age public that votes, sometimes defined as the number of registered voters that vote
Thomas Jefferson
principle drafter of the Declaration of Independence; second vice president of the United States; third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. co-founder of the Democratic-Republican Party
unconventional political participation
attempts to influence pol. process through unusual or extreme measures (protests, boycotts etc)
voter canvass
The process by which a campaign reaches individual voters, either by door-to-door solicitation or by telephone
