AP GOV Chap. 4 Esmeralda Ayala

Question 1

Abraham Lincoln

Answer 1

sixteenth president of the U.S., the first elected Republican president, who served from 1861-1865

Question 2

abolitionists

Answer 2

a supporter, especially in the early nineteenth century, of an end to the institution of slavery

Question 3

Alien and Sedition Acts

Answer 3

laws passed in 1798 that authorized the president to imprison any alien from an enemy nation or any alien considered dangerous

Question 4

bill of attainder

Answer 4

a law declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial

Question 5

Bill of Rights

Answer 5

the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which largely guarantee specific rights and liberties

Question 6

Black Lives Matter (BLM)

Answer 6

a recent social movement focused on direct protest and political activism against police brutality, mass incarceration, and related offenses against African Americans

Question 7

Burger Court

Answer 7

the period in supreme court history during warren burger served as chief justice

Question 8

capital cases

Answer 8

court cases on which a conviction may result in the application of the death penalty

Question 9

civil liberties

Answer 9

the personal guarantees and freedoms that the government cannot abridge by law, constitution, or judicial interpretation

Question 10

civil rights

Answer 10

the government-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals

Question 11

clear and present danger test

Answer 11

test articulated by the supreme court in schenck v. us (1919) to draw the line between protected and unprotected speech

Question 12

DeJonge v. Oregon (1937)

Answer 12

supreme court case that applied the first amendment’s protections of freedom of assembly to the states

Question 13

direct incitement test

Answer 13

test articulated by the supreme court in Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) holding that the first amendment protects advocacy of illegal action unless imminent lawless action

Question 14

double jeopardy clause

Answer 14

part of the fifth amendment that protects individuals from being tried twice fro the same offense in the same jurisdiction

Question 15

due process clause

Answer 15

clause contained in the fifth and fourteenth amendments; over the years, it has been construed to guarantee a variety of rights to individuals

Question 16

due process rights

Answer 16

protections drawn from the fourth amendment and the bill of rights

Question 17

Earl Warren

Answer 17

the fourteenth chief justice of the united states who served from 1953 to 1969 and led the court through an important liberal phase

Question 18

Eighth Amendment

Answer 18

the constitutional amendment that forbids cruel and unusual punishment, although it does not define this phrase. Through the fourteenth amendment, this bill of rights provision applies to the states

Question 19

Eighteen Amendment

Answer 19

a 1913 amendment that created the nationwide prohibition on alcoholic beverages; it was repealed in 1933

Question 20

The Crown v. Zenger (1735)

Answer 20

legal case in the colony of New York that is considered a precursor to free press provisions in the Constitution.

Question 21

Espionage Act

Answer 21

a 1917 law that prohibited urging resistance to the draft or distributing anti-war leaflets

Question 22

establishment clause

Answer 22

the first clause of the first amendment; it directs the national government not to sanction an official religion

Question 23

exclusionary rule

Answer 23

judicially created rule that prohibits police from using illegally seized evidence at trial

Question 24

ex post facto law

Answer 24

law that makes an act punishable as a crime even if the action was legal at the time it was committed

Question 25

First Amendment

Answer 25

part of the bill of rights that imposes a number of restrictions on the federal government with respect to civil liberties, including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition

Question 26

Fourth Amendment

Answer 26

part of the bill of rights that protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures of their persons, houses, papers, and effects without a warrant from a judge among other guarantees

Question 27

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 27

one of three major amendments enacted after the civil war, extending “equal protection of the law” to all citizens

Question 28

Fifth Amendment

Answer 28

part of the bill of rights that imposes a number of restrictions on the federal government with respect to the rights of persons suspected of committing a crime

Question 29

fighting words

Answer 29

words that “by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of peace

Question 30

free exercise clause

Answer 30

the second clause of the first amendment; it prohibits the U.S. government from interfering with a citizen’s right to practice his or her religion

Question 31

fundamental freedoms

Answer 31

those rights defined by the court as essential to order, liberty, and justice and therefore entitled to the highest standard of review

Question 32

Gitlow v. New York

Answer 32

a supreme court case that extended the first amendment’s protections of freedom of speech and of the press to the state governments

Question 33

grand jury

Answer 33

a group of citizens charged with determining whether enough evidence exists for a case to go trial

Question 34

hate speech

Answer 34

communication that belittles a person or group on the basis of race, gender, ethnicity, or other characteristics

Question 35

incorporation doctrine

Answer 35

an interpretation of the constitution holding tat the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment requires state and local governments to guarantee the rights stated in the bill of rights

Question 36

Lemon test

Answer 36

three-part test created by the supreme court for examining the constitutionality of religious establishment issues

Question 37

libel

Answer 37

false written statement that defames a person’s character

Question 38

Miranda rights

Answer 38

statements required of police that inform a suspect of his or her constitutional rights protected by the fifth amendment

Question 39

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Answer 39

1966 Supreme Court decision that sets guidelines for police questioning of accused persons to protect them against self-incrimination and to protect their right to counsel

Question 40

Miller v. California (1973)

Answer 40

supreme court case that created the “miller test” to determine when sexually-explicit expression was obscene

Question 41

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)

Answer 41

case in which the supreme court concluded that “actual malice” must be proven to support a finding of libel against a public figure

Question 42

New York Times Co. v. U.S.

Answer 42

the case in which the supreme court ruled that the us government could not block the publication of secret department of defense documents illegally furnished to the times by antiwar activists

Question 43

Ninth Amendment

Answer 43

part of the bill of rights that makes it clear that enumerating rights in the Constitution or bill of rights does not mean that others do not exist

Question 44

Occupy Wall Street

Answer 44

a recent social movement that promotes protests and political activism against income inequality and corporate greed

Question 45

Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)

Answer 45

the supreme court’s decision in this abortion case replaced the strict scrutiny standard of roe with the less stringent undue burden standard

Question 46

prior restraint

Answer 46

constitutional doctrine that prevents the government from prohibiting speech or publican before the fact

Question 47

right to privacy

Answer 47

the right to a private personal life free from intrusion of the government

Question 48

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Answer 48

1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother’s health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester

Question 49

sedition laws

Answer 49

laws that make it illegal to speak or write any political criticism that threaten to diminish respect for the government, its laws, or public officials

Question 50

selective incorporation

Answer 50

a judicial doctrine whereby most, but not all, protections found in the bill of rights are made applicable to the states via the fourteenth amendment

Question 51

September 11th

Answer 51

a terrorist plot carried out on September 11, 2001 that used hijacked civilian aircraft to attack the world trade center in new York and the pentagon near Washington, d.c.

Question 52

Sixth Amendment

Answer 52

the constitutional amendment designed to protect individuals accused of crimes. It includes the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to a speedy and public trial

Question 53

slander

Answer 53

untrue spoke statements that defame the character of a person

Question 54

substantive due process

Answer 54

judicial interpretation of the fifth and fourteenth amendments’ due process clauses

Question 55

symbolic speech

Answer 55

symbols, signs, and other methods of expression generally considered to be protected by the first amendment

Question 56

Tenth Amendment

Answer 56

the final part of the bill of rights that defines the basic principle of american federalism in starting that the powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people

Question 57

undue burden test

Answer 57

fundamental rights are those which are explicit in Constitution, e.g. travel political association, privacy

Question 58

Warren Court

Answer 58

the period in supreme court history during which earl warren served as chief justice, noted for its many rulings expanding civil liberties and civil rights

Question 59

Warren E. Burger

Answer 59

the fifteenth chief justice of the united states who served from 1969 to 1986 and who led the court in an increasingly conservative direction

Question 60

Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt (2016)

Answer 60

a landmark United States Supreme Court case decided on June 27, 2016. The Court ruled 5–3 that Texas cannot place restrictions on the delivery of abortion services that create an undue burden for women seeking an abortion

Question 61

writ of habeas corpus

Answer 61

petition requesting that a judge order authorities to prove that a prisoner is being held lawfully and that allows the prisoner to be freed if the government’s cased does not persuade the judge