AP Exam Unit 5 Flashcards
What combination of factors were necessary to begin the Industrial Revolution? (10)
- Europe’s geographical location
- Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber
- European demographic changes
- Urbanization
- Improved agricultural productivity
- Legal protection of private property
- Abundance of rivers and canals
- Access to forgeing resources
- Accumulation of capital
What “fueled” the Industrial Revolution (2)
Steam engine
Internal combustion engine
What fossil fuels were exploited as a result of these machines? (2)
Coal
Oil
What was a major effect of the fossil fuels revolution?
Increased the energy available to human societies
How did factories change the nature of labor? (2)
- Concentrated labor in a single location
2. Led to an increasing degree of specialization
Where did factories start?
Northwestern Europe
Where did the factory system spread? (4)
Other parts of Europe
United States
Japan
Russia
What were the new methods of production in during the “second” Industrial Revolution? (4)
Steel
Chemicals
Electricity
Precision machinery
How did the Industrial Revolution influence world trade overall? (2)
Developed new patterns of global trade
Further integrated the global economy
What raw materials were commonly exported to industrialized areas? (7)
Cotton Rubber Palm oil Sugar Wheat Meat Guano
What caused an increased need for raw materials? (1)
- Increased need for food supplies as a result of growing population
What did export economies specialize in?
Mass producing a single natural resource
What were the profits from raw materials used for?
Finished goods
As industrial production rose, what type of economies/production declined?
Agriculturally based economies (such as textile production in India)
What “new” markets did industrialized states look/create for their exports?
New consumer markets (such as British and French attemps to “open up” China)
What led to the development of extensive mining centers? (2)
- Need for specialized and limited metals for industrial production
- Global demand for metals as forms of welath
What were the primary metals mined that served monetary purposes? (3)
Gold
Silver
Diamonds
Examples of mining centers (2)
Copper mines in Mexico
Gold and diamond mines in South Africa
With what ideologies did the inspiration for economic changes lie? (2)
Capitalism
Liberalism
Who is capitalism associated with?
Adam Smith
Who is classical liberalism associated with?
John Stuart Mill
How did industrialist legitimize the economic changes of the Industrial Rev?
As means of facilitating investments
What financial institutions facilitated industrial production? (4)
Stock markets
Insurance
Gold standard
Limited liability corporations
How did the Industrial Revolution affect the scale of businesses?
Made them global
What did the global nature of trade and production contribute to?
Proliferation of large scale transnational businesses
What were the important developments in transportation and communication? (4)
Railroads
Steamships
Telegraphs
Canals
How did workers respond to the Industrial Revolution?
Organized themselves to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages
What governments resisted economic change and attempted to maintain pre industrial forms of economic production? (2)
Qing China
Ottoman
Which governments attempted state sponsored vision of industrialization? (4)
Meiji Japan
Tsarist Russia (builing of railroads and factories)
China (self strengthening movement)
Egypt (development of cotton industry)
How did governments mitigate the negative effects of capitalism?
Promoting various types of reforms
Government reforms in response to criticisms of capitalism (3)
Germany: state pension and public health
Britain: suffrage
Others: public education
What social changes resulted from the Industrial Revolution? (2)
- New social classes developed (middle class, industrial working class)
- Family dynamics and gender roles changed
What were affects of rapid urbanization? (2)
Unsanitary conditions
New forms of community
What imperialistic actions did states take in this period? (2)
Expanded existing oversea colonies
Establishe dnew types of colonies
What were affects of modern empire building? (2)
Regional warfare
Diplomacy
How did imperialism affect Europe’s global influence?
It increased it
Which states increased their influence and control over their pre existing colonies? (2)
British (India)
Dutch (Indonesia)
Which states lost influence and control over their pre existing colonies? (2)
Portuguese
Spanish
Which estates established empires thoughout Asia and the Pacific? (7)
British Dutch French Germans Russians Americans Japanese
What methods did European states use in establishing empires in Africa (2)
Warfare
Diplomacy
Which states used these tactics in Africa? (2)
Britian - West Africa
Belguim - Congo
Where did Europeans establish settler colonies? (2)
British - Southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand
French - Algeria
Economic imperialism (2)
- British and French expanding their influence in China through the Opium Wars
- British and United States investing heavily in Latin America
How did the expansion of US and European influence affect Tokugawa Japan?
Led to the emergence of the Meiji Restoration
Which countries emulated European transoceanic imperialism? (3)
US
Russia
Qing China
How did the US, Russia, and Qing China emulate European imperialism? (2)
- Expanding their land borders
2. Conquering neighboring territories
How did anti imperialism affect the Ottoman Empire’s territories?
Led to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire
Contraction of the Ottoman Empire (2)
- Independent states in the Balkans
2. Semi imdependence in Egypt
Which states developed on the edges of empires? (4)
Cherokee
Siam
Hawaii
Zulu
Water were the effects of nationalism on people?
Fostered new communal identities
How did imperialsts justify imperialism?
With new racial ideologies such as social darwinism
How did Enlightenment and colonize people actions affact political developments?
Encouraged revolutionary activity
How did politcal rebellions affect politcal structure?
Resulted in the formation of new states
How did politcal rebellions affect ideologies?
Stimualted the development of new ideologies
How did the Enlightenment play a role in making politcal revoluitions possible?
Questioned established traditions
How did Englightenment evaluate the role of religion in public life?
Said religion played too much of a role – stressed the importance of reason as a opposed to revelation
What new politcal ideas did the Enlightenment develop? (2)
Natural rights
Social contract
What social and politcal norms did Enlightment thinkers challenge?
Social relations
What were the effects of their questioning? (3)
- Expanded suffrage
- Abolition of slavery
- End of serfdom
What is the basis of national identity and nationalism? (4)
Language
Religion
Social customs
Territory
How did governments use these new ideas?
To unite diverse populations
What propelled reformist and revolutionary movements? (2)
Increasing discontent with imperial rule
Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
When the American colonial subjects rebelled, they faciliated the emergence of independent states in which areas? (4)
US
Haiti
Latin America
France
What documents evidence the influence of Enlightment on revolutions? (3)
American Declaration of Independence
French Declation of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter
How did slaves’ resistance affect existing authorities in the Americas?
Challenged existing authorities
What contributed to anti-colonial movements? (2)
- Questions of politcal authority
2. Growing nationalism
What were rebellions (such as the Taiping Rebellion, the Ghost Dance, or the Xhosa cattle killing) influenced by? (2)
Religious ideas
Millenarianism (belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming major transformation of society)
How did imperial governments react to nationalistic rebellions?
Reforms in imperial policy
What stimulated new transnational ideologies and solidarities? (2)
Spread of European political and social thought
Increasing number of rebellions
What encouraged the development of new politcal ideologies?
Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule
What new politcal ideoligies developed? (3)
Liberalism
Socialism
Communism
What issue did Enlightenment thinkers overlook?
Women’s suffrage
How did migrations in this period compare to earlier migrations?
They were greater
What challenges did migration present to governments? (2)
- National identity
2. Regulating the flow of people
What were the causes of world populaton growth? (2)
Changes in food production
Improved medical conditions
How did new modes of transportaiton affact migration?
Migrants increasingly relocated to cities
Why did people migrate?
A variety of reasons
What were economic motives behind migration?
In need of work
Coerced and semi coerced labor migrations (3)
- Slavery
- Chinese and Indian indentured servitude
- Convict labor
Seaonal migrants (3)
Japanese in the Pacific
Lebanese merchants in the Americas
Italians in Argentina
What gender were migrants usually?
Male – due to the physical nature of the labor in demand
How were gender roles affected my migration?
Women took on new roles in the home society that were formerly occupied by men as men migrated
How did migratns preserve and transplant their culture in their new homes?
Creating ethnic enclaves – also facilitated the development of migratn support networks
How did receiving societies react to the new presence of foreign migrants?
Racial prejudice was common – increasingly attempted to regulate the incrased flow of people across borders (Chinese Exclusion Act, White Australia Policy)
