AP Exam Unit 4 Flashcards
What made the connection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres possible?
Transoceanic voyages
What made transoceanic coections possible?
Technological innovations
Changes in long distance trade (2)
- Global circulation of some commodities
2. Formation of ew regional markets ad financial centers
Increased trasregional ad global trade networks facilitated the spread of (3)
Religion
Culture
Migration
What was the effect of the germs carried to the Americas?
Ravaged indigenous populations
What did the global exchange of crops ad animals alter? (3)
Agriculture
Diets
Populations
Describe the degree of global interconnectedness after 1500 compared to before 1500
The world was more interconnected – The Eastern and Western Hemispheres were connected by transoceanic voyages
How didi the global trade network affect the pre existing regional trade networks (Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, trans-Saharan, Silk Roads)?
There was an intensification that brought prosperity and economic disruption to the merchants and goverments in the trading regions
Where did Europeans make technological developments? (2)
Cartography
Navigation
What new tools were produced? (2)
Astrolabe
Revised maps
What was an innovation in ship design?
Caravel
What did they gain an improved understanding of?
Global wind and current patterns
Where did these development originate?
Knowledge developed in the classical Islamic and Asian world
Where did official Chiese maritime activity expand into?
Indian Ocean
Who led these naval voyage?
Zheng He
What was the purpose of these voyages?
Enhance Chinese prestige
What did the Portugese goverment do to support navigation?
Built a school for navigation
Where did the Portugese increasingly trade and travel to?
West Africa
What was the result of Portugese expeditions?
They became a global trading post empire
Who sponsored the firsdt Colombian voyages?
Spanish
What affect did Colombus’ voyages have on Europeans?
Increased their interest in transoceanic travel and trade
What originally motivated Europeans to travel across the northern Atlantic?
Crossings for fishing ad settlements – wanted to find another route to Asia
What facilitated the ew global circulation of goods?
Royal chartered European monology companies
How did these companies afford to purchase Asian goods in the Atlantic markets?
They took silver from Spanish Colonies in the the Americas
What was the affect on regional markets in Afro Eurasia
They continued to flourish by using established commercial practices ad new trasoceanic shippig services
What new finanical system made new scales of trade possible
Royal chartered European monopoly companies
What was the role of European merchants role in Asian trade?
Transporting goods from once Asia country to another market in Asia or the Indian Ocean region
What was the commercialization and the creation of a global economy itimatedly conected to?
New global circulation of silver from the Americas
What new mercantilist financial system developed to facilitate global trade?
Joint stock companies
What were joint stock companies used for?
To control their domestic and colonial economies
What were the economic affects of the Altantic trading system?
Movement of goods, wealth, and free ad unfree laborers
What were the social affects of the Atlantic trading system?
Mixig of Africa, American, and European cultures and peoples
What were the unintentional biological effects of the Colombian Exchange? (2)
Spread of diseases
Transfer of vermin
What diseases spread? (3)
Small pox
Measles
Influeza
What were some vermin transfered? (2)
Mosquitoes
Rats
What American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, ad Africa? (3)
Potatoes
Maize
Manioc
What were primary cash crops grown on American plantations? (2)
Sugar
Tobacco
Where were these cash crops transproted to? (2)
Europe
Middle East
What labor system made this transfer possible?
Coerced labor
What foods were brought to the Americas by African slaves? (2)
Orka
Rice
What Afro Eurasian animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas? (3)
Horses
Pigs
Cattle
What effects did American food crops hae on the diet of Afro Eurasian?
Populations benefitted nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops
How did settlers’ actions affect the Americas evironmetally? (2)
Deforestation
Soil depletion
How did the Colombian Exchange affect the spread of religions? (2)
Expanded the spread and reform of existing relgions
Created syncretic belief systems and practices
What happened as Islam spread to new settings in Asia and Africa?
Believers adapted it to local cultural practices
What increasingly diversified Christianity? (2)
Process and diffusion
Reformation
Where did Buddhism spread?
Asia
Forms of syncretic relgions (3)
Vondun - Caribbean
Cult of Saints - Latin America
Sikhism - South Asia
What happened as merchants profits increased?
Governmets colleted more taxes
What did these taxes fund?
Visual and preforming arts
How did public literacy develop?
Expanded – accompanied by the proliferation of popular authors, literary forms, ad works of literature
How did artistic forms develop?
There were innovation in both
What did the worlds productive systems continue to be heavily centered on?
Agricultural production
What changes in agriculture occured? (4)
Labor
Location of manufacturing
Gender and social structures
Environmental process
Why did agricultural productivity surge? (2)
New methods of crop and field rotation
Introduction of new crops
What happened to merchants social status?
Their social status rose
What happened to demographic growth in the Americas?
The previously ravaged populations were restored
What resulted from the global demand for raw materials and finished products? (3)
Traditional peasant agriculture increased ad changed
Plantations expanded
Demand for labor increased
How was peasant labor affected?
It intensified (Frontier settlements in Russian Siberia, cotton textile productio in India, silk textile production in China)
Continuity in slavery in Africa (2)
Traditional incorportation of slavers into households
Export of slaves to the Mediterraean and Indian Ocean
What caused the Atlantic slave trade to increase so dramatically?
The growth of the plantation economy
What forms of coerced labor did colonial economies in the Americas depend on? (4)
- Chattel slavery
- Indentured servitude
- Encomienda and Hacienda
- Spanish adaptation of the Incan mita system
What contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites?
Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities
New political and economic elites (4)
Manchus (China) Creole elites (Spanish America) European gentry Commerical entrepreneurs (all major port cities)
How did pre existing politcal and economic elites react to these changes?
Their power fluctuated
Existing politcal and economic elites (3)
Zamindars (Mughal)
Nobility (Europe)
Daimyo (Japan)
What dimished the power of these elites?
Increasingly powerful monarchs
How were gender and family structures affected by the African slave trade (2)?
Dependece of European men on Southeast Asia women for conducting trade in taht region
Smaller size of European families
What did the massive demographic changes in the Americas result in?
New ethnic and racial classifications
New ethnic and racial classifications (3)
Mestizo
Mulatto
Creole
Difficulties of empires in this period (2)
Incorportating diverse subjects
Administering widely dispersed territories
In Africa and the greater Indian Ocean, new European empires consisted mainly of what?
Interconnected trading post and enclaves
Creation of European empires in the Americas fostered what?
New Atlantic trading system that included the tras Atlantic slave trade
What did empires and states pursue startegies of?
Centralization
How did empire and states attempt centralization?
More effecient tax systems
What was the effect of these new tax systems?
Strains on peasants that prompted rebellions
How did rulers use public displays of art and architecture?
To legitimize state power
What was the effect of changes in African and global trading patterns?
Strengthening of some West and Central African states (and rise of new states on the coast)
Where did states decline in Africa? (2)
Coast
Interior
How did politcal rulers legitimize their power? (6)
- Visual displays
- Relgious ideas
- Limited ability of ethnic groups to challenge the state
- Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites
- Development of military professionals
- Tribute collection
Visual displays of politcal power (3)
Monumental architecture
Urban plans
Coutly literature
Continued use of religion of legitimize rule (4)
Divine right (Europe) Shiism (Safavid) Human sacrifice (Aztec) Promotion of Islam (Songhay) Confucian rituals (China)
How were ethnic anad religious minorites treated in various empires?
Ways that utilized their economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge that authority of the state
States policies toward ethnic groups which utilized their economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge that authority of the state (3)
Ottoman treated of non Muslim subjects
Manchu policy toward Chinese
Spanish creation of a seperate Republica de Indios
How did rulers make sure that their governments were well run?
Recuitment of bureaucratic elites and military professionals
Recuitment of bureaucratic elites/military professionals (3)
Ottoman devshirme
Chinese examination
Salaried samurai
How did rulers finance their territorial expansion? (2)
Tribute collection
Tax farming
What did imperial expansion rely on in this era? (3)
Gunpowder
Cannons
Armed trade
WHere did European establish new trading post empires? (2)
Africa and Asia
Which land empires expanded dramatically in size? (4)
Manchus
Mughals
Ottomans
Russians
Which empires established new maritime empires in the Americas? (4)
Portugal Spain Netherlands France Britian
What obstables to empire building did empires confront and how did they respond to these changes? (3)
Competition over trade routes
State rivalries
Local resistance
Competition over trade routes (2)
Omani-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean
Piracy in the Caribbean
State rivalries (2)
Thirty Years War
Ottoman Safavid conflict
Location resistance (1)
Bread riots
