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AP World > AP Exam Unit 4 > Flashcards

AP Exam Unit 4 Flashcards

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AP® World History flashcards
1
Q

What made the connection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres possible?

A

Transoceanic voyages

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2
Q

What made transoceanic coections possible?

A

Technological innovations

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3
Q

Changes in long distance trade (2)

A
  1. Global circulation of some commodities

2. Formation of ew regional markets ad financial centers

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4
Q

Increased trasregional ad global trade networks facilitated the spread of (3)

A

Religion
Culture
Migration

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5
Q

What was the effect of the germs carried to the Americas?

A

Ravaged indigenous populations

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6
Q

What did the global exchange of crops ad animals alter? (3)

A

Agriculture
Diets
Populations

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7
Q

Describe the degree of global interconnectedness after 1500 compared to before 1500

A

The world was more interconnected – The Eastern and Western Hemispheres were connected by transoceanic voyages

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8
Q

How didi the global trade network affect the pre existing regional trade networks (Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, trans-Saharan, Silk Roads)?

A

There was an intensification that brought prosperity and economic disruption to the merchants and goverments in the trading regions

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9
Q

Where did Europeans make technological developments? (2)

A

Cartography

Navigation

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10
Q

What new tools were produced? (2)

A

Astrolabe

Revised maps

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11
Q

What was an innovation in ship design?

A

Caravel

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12
Q

What did they gain an improved understanding of?

A

Global wind and current patterns

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13
Q

Where did these development originate?

A

Knowledge developed in the classical Islamic and Asian world

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14
Q

Where did official Chiese maritime activity expand into?

A

Indian Ocean

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15
Q

Who led these naval voyage?

A

Zheng He

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16
Q

What was the purpose of these voyages?

A

Enhance Chinese prestige

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17
Q

What did the Portugese goverment do to support navigation?

A

Built a school for navigation

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18
Q

Where did the Portugese increasingly trade and travel to?

A

West Africa

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19
Q

What was the result of Portugese expeditions?

A

They became a global trading post empire

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20
Q

Who sponsored the firsdt Colombian voyages?

A

Spanish

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21
Q

What affect did Colombus’ voyages have on Europeans?

A

Increased their interest in transoceanic travel and trade

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22
Q

What originally motivated Europeans to travel across the northern Atlantic?

A

Crossings for fishing ad settlements – wanted to find another route to Asia

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23
Q

What facilitated the ew global circulation of goods?

A

Royal chartered European monology companies

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24
Q

How did these companies afford to purchase Asian goods in the Atlantic markets?

A

They took silver from Spanish Colonies in the the Americas

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25
Q

What was the affect on regional markets in Afro Eurasia

A

They continued to flourish by using established commercial practices ad new trasoceanic shippig services

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26
Q

What new finanical system made new scales of trade possible

A

Royal chartered European monopoly companies

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27
Q

What was the role of European merchants role in Asian trade?

A

Transporting goods from once Asia country to another market in Asia or the Indian Ocean region

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28
Q

What was the commercialization and the creation of a global economy itimatedly conected to?

A

New global circulation of silver from the Americas

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29
Q

What new mercantilist financial system developed to facilitate global trade?

A

Joint stock companies

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30
Q

What were joint stock companies used for?

A

To control their domestic and colonial economies

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31
Q

What were the economic affects of the Altantic trading system?

A

Movement of goods, wealth, and free ad unfree laborers

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32
Q

What were the social affects of the Atlantic trading system?

A

Mixig of Africa, American, and European cultures and peoples

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33
Q

What were the unintentional biological effects of the Colombian Exchange? (2)

A

Spread of diseases

Transfer of vermin

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34
Q

What diseases spread? (3)

A

Small pox
Measles
Influeza

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35
Q

What were some vermin transfered? (2)

A

Mosquitoes

Rats

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36
Q

What American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, ad Africa? (3)

A

Potatoes
Maize
Manioc

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37
Q

What were primary cash crops grown on American plantations? (2)

A

Sugar

Tobacco

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38
Q

Where were these cash crops transproted to? (2)

A

Europe

Middle East

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39
Q

What labor system made this transfer possible?

A

Coerced labor

40
Q

What foods were brought to the Americas by African slaves? (2)

A

Orka

Rice

41
Q

What Afro Eurasian animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas? (3)

A

Horses
Pigs
Cattle

42
Q

What effects did American food crops hae on the diet of Afro Eurasian?

A

Populations benefitted nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops

43
Q

How did settlers’ actions affect the Americas evironmetally? (2)

A

Deforestation

Soil depletion

44
Q

How did the Colombian Exchange affect the spread of religions? (2)

A

Expanded the spread and reform of existing relgions

Created syncretic belief systems and practices

45
Q

What happened as Islam spread to new settings in Asia and Africa?

A

Believers adapted it to local cultural practices

46
Q

What increasingly diversified Christianity? (2)

A

Process and diffusion

Reformation

47
Q

Where did Buddhism spread?

A

Asia

48
Q

Forms of syncretic relgions (3)

A

Vondun - Caribbean
Cult of Saints - Latin America
Sikhism - South Asia

49
Q

What happened as merchants profits increased?

A

Governmets colleted more taxes

50
Q

What did these taxes fund?

A

Visual and preforming arts

51
Q

How did public literacy develop?

A

Expanded – accompanied by the proliferation of popular authors, literary forms, ad works of literature

52
Q

How did artistic forms develop?

A

There were innovation in both

53
Q

What did the worlds productive systems continue to be heavily centered on?

A

Agricultural production

54
Q

What changes in agriculture occured? (4)

A

Labor
Location of manufacturing
Gender and social structures
Environmental process

55
Q

Why did agricultural productivity surge? (2)

A

New methods of crop and field rotation

Introduction of new crops

56
Q

What happened to merchants social status?

A

Their social status rose

57
Q

What happened to demographic growth in the Americas?

A

The previously ravaged populations were restored

58
Q

What resulted from the global demand for raw materials and finished products? (3)

A

Traditional peasant agriculture increased ad changed

Plantations expanded

Demand for labor increased

59
Q

How was peasant labor affected?

A 
It intensified
(Frontier settlements in Russian Siberia, cotton textile productio in India, silk textile production in China)
60
Q

Continuity in slavery in Africa (2)

A

Traditional incorportation of slavers into households

Export of slaves to the Mediterraean and Indian Ocean

61
Q

What caused the Atlantic slave trade to increase so dramatically?

A

The growth of the plantation economy

62
Q

What forms of coerced labor did colonial economies in the Americas depend on? (4)

A
  1. Chattel slavery
  2. Indentured servitude
  3. Encomienda and Hacienda
  4. Spanish adaptation of the Incan mita system
63
Q

What contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites?

A

Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities

64
Q

New political and economic elites (4)

A 
Manchus (China)
Creole elites (Spanish America)
European gentry 
Commerical entrepreneurs (all major port cities)
65
Q

How did pre existing politcal and economic elites react to these changes?

A

Their power fluctuated

66
Q

Existing politcal and economic elites (3)

A

Zamindars (Mughal)
Nobility (Europe)
Daimyo (Japan)

67
Q

What dimished the power of these elites?

A

Increasingly powerful monarchs

68
Q

How were gender and family structures affected by the African slave trade (2)?

A

Dependece of European men on Southeast Asia women for conducting trade in taht region

Smaller size of European families

69
Q

What did the massive demographic changes in the Americas result in?

A

New ethnic and racial classifications

70
Q

New ethnic and racial classifications (3)

A

Mestizo
Mulatto
Creole

71
Q

Difficulties of empires in this period (2)

A

Incorportating diverse subjects

Administering widely dispersed territories

72
Q

In Africa and the greater Indian Ocean, new European empires consisted mainly of what?

A

Interconnected trading post and enclaves

73
Q

Creation of European empires in the Americas fostered what?

A

New Atlantic trading system that included the tras Atlantic slave trade

74
Q

What did empires and states pursue startegies of?

A

Centralization

75
Q

How did empire and states attempt centralization?

A

More effecient tax systems

76
Q

What was the effect of these new tax systems?

A

Strains on peasants that prompted rebellions

77
Q

How did rulers use public displays of art and architecture?

A

To legitimize state power

78
Q

What was the effect of changes in African and global trading patterns?

A

Strengthening of some West and Central African states (and rise of new states on the coast)

79
Q

Where did states decline in Africa? (2)

A

Coast

Interior

80
Q

How did politcal rulers legitimize their power? (6)

A
  1. Visual displays
  2. Relgious ideas
  3. Limited ability of ethnic groups to challenge the state
  4. Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites
  5. Development of military professionals
  6. Tribute collection
81
Q

Visual displays of politcal power (3)

A

Monumental architecture
Urban plans
Coutly literature

82
Q

Continued use of religion of legitimize rule (4)

A 
Divine right (Europe)
Shiism (Safavid)
Human sacrifice (Aztec)
Promotion of Islam (Songhay)
Confucian rituals (China)
83
Q

How were ethnic anad religious minorites treated in various empires?

A

Ways that utilized their economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge that authority of the state

84
Q

States policies toward ethnic groups which utilized their economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge that authority of the state (3)

A

Ottoman treated of non Muslim subjects
Manchu policy toward Chinese
Spanish creation of a seperate Republica de Indios

85
Q

How did rulers make sure that their governments were well run?

A

Recuitment of bureaucratic elites and military professionals

86
Q

Recuitment of bureaucratic elites/military professionals (3)

A

Ottoman devshirme
Chinese examination
Salaried samurai

87
Q

How did rulers finance their territorial expansion? (2)

A

Tribute collection

Tax farming

88
Q

What did imperial expansion rely on in this era? (3)

A

Gunpowder
Cannons
Armed trade

89
Q

WHere did European establish new trading post empires? (2)

A

Africa and Asia

90
Q

Which land empires expanded dramatically in size? (4)

A

Manchus
Mughals
Ottomans
Russians

91
Q

Which empires established new maritime empires in the Americas? (4)

A 
Portugal
Spain
Netherlands
France 
Britian
92
Q

What obstables to empire building did empires confront and how did they respond to these changes? (3)

A

Competition over trade routes
State rivalries
Local resistance

93
Q

Competition over trade routes (2)

A

Omani-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean

Piracy in the Caribbean

94
Q

State rivalries (2)

A

Thirty Years War

Ottoman Safavid conflict

95
Q

Location resistance (1)

A

Bread riots

AP World (7 decks)

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