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AP World > AP Exam Unit 1 and 2 > Flashcards

AP Exam Unit 1 and 2 Flashcards

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AP® World History flashcards
1
Q

What is the evidence that explains the earliest history of humans and the planet?

A

Archeological evidence

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2
Q

Where did humans first appear on Earth?

A

East Africa

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3
Q

What were the characteristics of their society?

A

Relatively egalitarian

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4
Q

What were the characteristics of their technology?

A

Adapted their technology to new climate regions

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5
Q

What were the characteristics of their culture?

A

Adapted their culture to new climate regions

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6
Q

What were the uses of fire?

A

Aid hunt and foraging
Protect against predators
Adapt to cold environments

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7
Q

How did the earliest humans’ society help them procure enought supplies to survive?

A

Economic structures focused on small kinship groups of hunting and gathering.
Through exchanges of people, ideas, and goods

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8
Q

What were the long term demographic effects of the Neolithic Revolution?

A

There was a moire reliable, but not necessarily more diversified food supply
Populations increased

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9
Q

What were the long term environmental effects of the Neolithic Revolution?

A

There was intensive cultivation of some plants and the exclusion of others

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10
Q

What were the long term social effects of the Neolithic Revolution?

A

Family groups gave way to village and later urban life

Patriarchy and forced labor systems developed giving elite men concentrated power

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11
Q

How did pastoral societies resemble early agricultural societies?

A

Like early agriculturalists, pastoralists tended to be more socially stratified than were hunter forages

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12
Q

Name two results of pastoralists’ mobility

A
  1. Rarely accumulated large amounts of material posessions

2. Serve as an important conduit for technological change as they interacted with settled populations

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13
Q

How did the Neolithic Revolution affect human societies economically and socially?

A

The Neolithic Revolution led to the development of new and more complex economic and social systems

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14
Q

Why did the Neolithic Revolution start?

A

As a response to climatic change

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15
Q

Where did the Neolithic Revolution first transform human populations?

A
  1. Mesopotamia
  2. Nile River Valley
  3. Sub-Saharan Africa
  4. Indus River Valley
  5. Yellow River and Huang He Valley
  6. Papua New Guinea
  7. Mesoamerica
  8. Andes
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16
Q

Where did pastoralism persist even after the Neolithic Revolution?

A

Grasslands of Afro-Eurasia

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17
Q

What various crops and animals were developed or domesticated during the Neolithic Revolution?

A

-

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18
Q

What labor adjustments did humans make in order to facilitated the Neolithic Revolution?

A

They worked cooperatively to clear land and to create water control systems

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19
Q

What is a civilization?

A

Large societies with cities and powerful states

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20
Q

What are the defining characteristics of a civilization?

A

Agricultural surpluses that permitted significant specialization of labor
Complex institution (bureaucracies, armies, religious heirarchies)
Social hierarchy
Long distance trading relations

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21
Q

How did civilizations develop and grow more complex before 600 BCE?

A

Competition for surpluses (food) led to greater social stratification, specialization of labor, increased trade, more complex systems of government and religion, and the development of record keeping

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22
Q

What were the effects of increasing complexity?

A

Spurred warfare between communities and/or with pastoralists – this violence drove the development of new tecnolgies of war and urban defense

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23
Q

Where did the earliest civilizations develop (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Mohenjo Daro and Harrapa, Shang, Olmecs, Chavin)?

A

Mesopotamia: Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys
Egypt: Nile River Valley
Mohenjo Daro and Harrapa: Indus River Valley
Shang: Huang He Valley
Olmecs: Mesoamerica
Chavin: Andean South America

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24
Q

Why did they develop in these locations?

A

Because these locations had geographical and environmental settings where agriculture coudl flourish

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25
Q

What is a state?

A

A powerful new system of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas

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26
Q

Which segments of society usually supported the ruler?

A

Military

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27
Q

Why were some states able to expand and conquer neighboring states?

A

They were more favorably suited which allowed them to produce more surplus food and experience growing populations

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28
Q

How were the Hittites more favorably suited than other states?

A

They had access to iron

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29
Q

Give four examples of early empires in the Nile

A

–

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30
Q

Give four examples of early empires in the Tigris and Euphrates

A

–

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31
Q

What role did pastoralists play for civilizations?

A

They developed and spread new weapons and modes of transportation

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32
Q

What were two weapons the pastoralists helped spread?

A

Compound bows and iron weapons

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33
Q

What were two modes of transportation that pastoralists helped spread?

A

Chariots and horseback riding

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34
Q

How did culture play a role in unifying populations?

A

Through law, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art

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35
Q

What architectural forms did early civilizations produce?

A

Ziggurats, pyramids, temples, defensive walls, streets and roads, sewage, and water systems

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36
Q

Which social strata encouraged the development of art in ancient civilizations?

A

Elites

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37
Q

What forms record keeping developed in ancient civilizations?

A

Cuneiform, hieroglyphics, pictographs, alphabets, quipu

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38
Q

What was the relationship between literature and culture in ancient societies?

A

–

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39
Q

The Code of Hammurabi relfected what?

A

Social hierarchy

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40
Q

What pre 600 BCE relgions strongly incluenced later eras?

A

Vedic relgion, Hebrew monotheism, Zoroastrianism

41
Q

Give two examples of trade relations prior to 600 BCE?

A

Egypt and Nubia

Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley

42
Q

How did social and gender identities develop pre 600 BCE?

A

They intensified as states expanded and cities multiplied

43
Q

How did religion help strengthen politcal ties within society?

A

Rulers used relgion to justify their rule (some were even considered divine)

Reinforced political stratification

44
Q

How did religion help strengthen economic ties within society?

A

It reinforced economic stratification

45
Q

How did religion help strengthen cultural ties within society?

A

It provided a bond among people and an ethical code to live by

46
Q

How did religions promote a sense of unity?

A

Through providing providing an ethical code to live by

47
Q

The codification of Hebrew Scriptures relfects what?

A

The influence of Mesopoamian cultural and legal traditions

48
Q

Which three empires conquered various Jewish states?

A

Assyrian, Babylonian, Roman

49
Q

Where did Jewish diasporic communited grow?

A

Around the Mediterranean and Middle East

50
Q

What are characeteristics and core teachings of Hinduism?

A

Reincarnation

Caste System

51
Q

What is a universal religion?

A

A religion that anyone can practice

52
Q

The core beliefs of Buddhism are recorded into what?

A

Sutras and other scriptures

53
Q

What was Buddhism a reaction to?

A

Vedic beliefs

54
Q

How did Buddhism spread?

A

Support of the Mauryan Emperor Asocka

Efforts of missionaries and merchants

Establishment of Asian institutions

55
Q

Where did Buddhism spread by 600 CE?

A

Throughout Asia

56
Q

What are the core teachings of Confucianism

A

Social harmony can be acheived through proper rituals and relationships

57
Q

What is a major Daoist writing?

A

Daodejing

58
Q

Which parts of Chinese culture did Daoism influence?

A

Medical theory

Poetry

Metallurgy

Architecture

59
Q

What is the core belief of Daoism?

A

Balance between human and natural

60
Q

What was Christianity based off of>

A

Judaism

61
Q

What was Christianity’s originial attitude toward Roman and Hellenistic influences?

A

Rejected it (there was Roman imperial hostility)

62
Q

How did Christianity spread?

A

Missionaries

Merchants

63
Q

Under which Roman emperor did Christianity gain imperial support?

A

Constantine

64
Q

What are the core ideas in Greco-Roman philosophy?

A

Science based logic
Empirical observation
Nature of political power
Hierarchy

65
Q

How did Buddhism affect gender roles?

A

Through encouraging a monastic life

66
Q

How did Confucianism affect gender roles?

A

Through its emphasis on filial piety

67
Q

What other religions and cultural traditions were common by 600 CE?

A

Shamanism
Animism
Ancestor veneration

68
Q

In which regions did ancestor veneration persist?

A

Africa
Mediterranean
East Asia
Andean

69
Q

How did the number and size of Classical Empires compare to the Ancient Era and how did they accomplish this

A

Larger

Through imposing politcal unity

70
Q

Name Location

Persian Empires

A

Southwest Asia

71
Q

Name Location

Qin and Han

A

East Asia

72
Q

Name Location

Maurya and Gupta

A

South Asia

73
Q

Name Location

Phoenicia and its polonies, Greek city states, Hellenistic and Roman empires

A

Mediterranean

74
Q

Teothuacan, Maya city states

A

Mesoamerica

75
Q

Moche

A

Andean South America

76
Q

What new political methods were created in order to rule the larger empires in the Classical Empires?

A
  1. Centralized governments
  2. Elaborate legal systems
  3. Bureaucracies
77
Q

Which empires adminstered these new political methods?

A

China
Persia
Rome
South Asia (India)

78
Q

How did imperial governments project military power over large areas?

A
  1. Diplomacy
  2. Supply lines
  3. Fortifications
  4. Defensive walls
  5. Roads
  6. Drawing new groups of military officers and soldiers from the local populations or conquered peoples
79
Q

How did empires promote trade and economic integrations? (2)

A
  1. Building roads

2. Issuing currencies

80
Q

What function did imperial cities perform? (3)

A
  1. Centers of trade
  2. Public performance of religious rituals
  3. Politcal adminstration centers
81
Q

What social classes/occupations were common in empires? (6)

A
  1. Cultivators
  2. Laborers
  3. Slaves
  4. Artisans
  5. Merchants
  6. Elites
82
Q

What were common labor systems in the Classical Era? (5)

A
  1. Corvee
  2. Slavery
  3. Rents and tributes
  4. Peasant communities
  5. Family and household production
83
Q

What gender and family structue continued throughout the Classical Era?

A

Patriarchy

84
Q

What caused Classical Empires to decline, collapse, or transform into something else?

A

Politcal, cultural, and adminstrative difficulties

85
Q

Through excessive mobilization of resources, imperial governments caused environmental damage such as… (4)

A
  1. Deforestation
  2. Desertificaiton
  3. Soil erosion
  4. Silted rivers
86
Q

What generated social tensions and economic difficulties?

A

Concentration of wealth in the hands of the elite

87
Q

What external problems did China face?

A

Xiongnu

88
Q

What external problems did the Gupta Empire face?

A

White Huns

89
Q

What external problems did the Romans face?

A

Northern and Eastern neighbors

90
Q

Why did long distance trade increase dramatically in period 2?

A

Increased demand for raw materials and luxury goods

91
Q

What was commonly traded along these networks?

A
  1. People
  2. Technology
  3. Religous and cultural beliefts
  4. Food crops
  5. Domesticated animals
  6. Diseases
92
Q

What new technologies permitted the use of domesticated pack animals to transport goods across longer routes? (3)

A
  1. Yokes
  2. Saddle
  3. Stirrup
93
Q

What were the primary domesticated pack animals used for long distance trade? (4)

A
  1. Horses
  2. Oxen
  3. Llamas
  4. Camels
94
Q

What innovations in maritime technology arose in period 2? (3)

A
  1. Lateen sail
  2. Dhow ships
  3. Knowledge of monsoon winds
95
Q

What crops spread from South Asia to the Middle East in period 2? (2)

A
  1. Rice

2. Cotton

96
Q

What was the result of this diffusion of crops?

A

Changes in farming and irrigation techniques (development of the qanat system)

97
Q

What effects did dieases have on Classical empires?

A
  1. Diminished urban populations

2. Contributed to the decline of some empires (Rome and and China)

98
Q

What was the relationship between trade networks and religions?

A

As religions traveled across trade routes, the transformed

AP World (7 decks)

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