Anxiety Disorders 1 - 8!cluding Some Of A2 Flashcards
What is Anxiety?
A state of apprehension, fear, or worry in response to a perceived threat
Symptoms include palpitations, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, nausea, dizziness, and fear of losing control or dying.
What is the difference between Anxiety and Fear?
Fear is an immediate response to a real danger; Anxiety is future-oriented and often disproportionate to the actual threat
(Clark, 1996).
Is Anxiety useful?
Yes, it has evolutionary benefits, helping humans anticipate danger and respond effectively; No, it becomes problematic when excessive, frequent, or present in inappropriate situations.
What is Normal Anxiety?
Key to survival, such as the fight-or-flight response.
What is Abnormal Anxiety?
Persistent anxiety that interferes with daily life. Because of.
- Genetic predisposition
-Personality traits
-Stressful life event
What are the vulnerability factors for Anxiety Disorders?
- Genetic predispositions
- Personality traits
What are precipitating events for Anxiety Disorders?
- Stressful life changes
- Trauma
What are maintaining factors of Anxiety Disorders?
- Misinterpretations
- Avoidance behaviors
(Clark, 1996).
What are the symptoms of Panic Attacks?
- Abrupt onset
- Peaks within 10 minutes
- Requires at least 4 symptoms (e.g., palpitations, nausea, derealization)
What are the diagnostic criteria for Panic Disorder?
- Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks
- Persistent fear of future attacks for at least one month
- Significant behavioral changes to avoid triggers
What is Agoraphobia?
Fear of being in situations where escape is difficult, such as public transport or open spaces.
What are Specific Phobias?
Intense, disproportionate fear of specific objects or situations, persisting for at least 6 months.
What is Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)?
Persistent fear of social or performance situations due to fear of embarrassment or judgment.
What are the key features of Social Anxiety Disorder?
- Onset in childhood (median age 13 years)
- Linked to increased risk of depression, substance abuse, and underachievement
What are the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
- Flashbacks
- Avoidance of reminders
- Hypervigilance
What are the key diagnostic tools for Anxiety Disorders?
- ICD-10/11
- DSM-5
What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?
Gold-standard treatment for anxiety disorders recommended by NICE guidelines.
What are key techniques in CBT?
- Identify and challenge catastrophic thoughts
- Test misinterpretations through behavioral experiments
- Gradual exposure to feared stimuli
What are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)?
Common pharmacological treatment for social anxiety and PTSD.
What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
Excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for at least 6 months.
What are the symptoms associated with GAD?
- Restlessness
- Fatigue
- Difficulty concentrating
- Irritability
- Muscle tension
- Sleep disturbance
What is the prevalence of GAD?
4-7% in the general population, with a 2:1 female-to-male ratio.
What are obsessions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
Persistent, intrusive thoughts, urges, or images causing anxiety.
What are compulsions in OCD?
Repetitive behaviors performed to reduce distress.
What is the cognitive model of OCD?
Intrusive thoughts are normal, but interpretation as threats leads to compulsive behaviors.
What is Health Anxiety?
Misinterpreting bodily symptoms as signs of serious illness.
What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)?
Preoccupation with perceived physical defects not noticeable to others.
What are the diagnostic criteria for Hoarding Disorder?
- Persistent difficulty discarding possessions
- Accumulation of possessions cluttering living areas
- Clinically significant distress or impairment in daily functioning
What is the prevalence of Hoarding Disorder?
Affects 2-5% of the population.
What are common comorbidities with Hoarding Disorder?
- OCD (17%)
- Major Depression (57%)
- Social Phobia (29%)
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder (28%)
What characterizes the cognitive model of Hoarding?
Difficulty discarding items due to exaggerated attachment and fear of losing potential future value.
What percentage is associated with hoarding disorder according to Frost et al. (2006)?
28%
This percentage refers to the prevalence of hoarding disorder in a specific study.
What is a fire hazard risk factor related to hoarding?
Clutter
According to the London Fire Brigade, clutter increases the risk of fire hazards.
How does hoarding affect family emotional well-being?
Children report unhappiness and difficulty having friends
Emotional stress on families is a significant consequence of hoarding.
What type of living conditions are often a result of hoarding?
Infestation and unhygienic living conditions
Hoarding can lead to severe hygiene issues and pest infestations.
What is a significant physical risk associated with hoarding?
Risk of being crushed by hoarded items
The accumulation of items can create dangerous living environments.
What is a key element of the Cognitive Model of Hoarding?
Difficulty discarding items due to exaggerated attachment
Fear of losing potential future value contributes to hoarding behaviors.
How does clutter impact daily functioning according to the Cognitive Model of Hoarding?
Leads to distress and impaired daily functioning
The accumulation of items can overwhelm individuals, affecting their lives.
What is the new diagnosis classification for hoarding disorder in DSM-V?
Recognized as its own disorder
Previously categorized under OCD, hoarding disorder is now classified separately.
What therapeutic approach focuses on cognitive distortions related to possessions?
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
CBT addresses the thought patterns that contribute to hoarding.
What is essential for effective treatment of hoarding disorder?
Multi-Agency Approach
Collaboration between various support services is crucial for addressing hoarding.
What example illustrates a collaborative effort in treating hoarding disorder?
CADAT and local fire safety services
This collaboration aims to reduce fire risk in hoarding situations.
What is a critical aspect of the decluttering process for clients?
The client should remain in control of the process
Clients decide what to discard while receiving supportive guidance.
Explain the clock 1998 model of social anxiety
Greater self focus attention which leads to anxiety and safety seeking behaviours which then reinforces the anxiety
explain the HIRSH-Matthews 2012 model of GAD
There’s a tendency to focus on frat and interpret information negatively. E.g. Intentional biases not focusing at the task at hand but the future. - this then leads to streams of quarry and negative imagery
What is the main treatment for GAD
In CBT rather than focusing on the worried themselves, the goal is to focus on the process of worry and mitigation that e.g. have moments to worry or creating more balanced view such as evidence of how to go wrong or right if I thought about things differently/ cognitive restructuring as well as behavioural experiments
