ADHD Flashcards
What is ADHD?
ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of inattentive-hyperactive-impulsive behaviors, leading to impairments in multiple aspects of life.
Source: Sonuga-Barke, 2023
What are the core symptoms of ADHD?
- Inattention: Difficulty sustaining attention, making careless mistakes, trouble organizing tasks.
- Hyperactivity: Fidgeting, inability to stay seated, excessive talking.
- Impulsivity: Interrupting others, difficulty waiting turns.
What is the criteria for diagnosing ADHD?
ADHD symptoms must be present in at least two settings, have childhood onset before age 12, and are defined as syndromic with symptoms clustering together.
Estimated prevalence: 2–5% globally.
What historical term did George Still use to describe ADHD in 1902?
“Disorder of moral control.”
What was ADHD referred to in 1932 by Kramer & Pollnow?
“Hyperkinesis.”
When was ADHD classified in DSM-II?
1968 as “Hyperkinetic Reaction of Childhood.”
What significant change occurred in DSM-III regarding ADHD?
Introduced “Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) with or without hyperactivity.”
What key change occurred in the DSM-III-R regarding ADHD?
Changed the term to “ADHD.”
What is a scientific challenge related to the categorization of ADHD?
ADHD may exist on a continuum rather than as a distinct category.
What do recent studies suggest about the onset of ADHD?
Adult-onset ADHD exists, with some individuals meeting criteria in adulthood despite no childhood diagnosis.
What do studies suggest about environmental factors in relation to ADHD?
Environmental adversity, such as childhood deprivation, can also cause ADHD symptoms.
What cultural variations in ADHD diagnosis were found in studies between Hong Kong and the UK?
Hong Kong parents rated their children as more hyperactive, while objective measures showed UK children were more active.
What is the traditional view of ADHD?
ADHD is a disorder caused by brain dysfunction that requires “fixing.”
What is the neurodiversity perspective on ADHD?
ADHD represents natural variation in cognition and behavior, not a disorder.
Fill in the blank: The DSM-5 requires ADHD symptoms to be present before _______.
age 12.
True or False: ADHD is increasingly understood as a condition influenced only by genetic factors.
False.
What does the emerging neurodiversity model advocate for regarding ADHD interventions?
Inclusive interventions that focus on individual strengths.
What example illustrates late-onset ADHD?
An adult with workplace difficulties due to inattention and impulsivity but no childhood history of ADHD.
What is one example of a study that shows environmental influences on ADHD?
The English & Romanian Adoptees Study showed children raised in Romanian orphanages with deprivation displayed ADHD-like symptoms.
What are the 3 components of ADHD?
Attention, hyperactivity and impulsivity
Explain the theories of ADHD being on a normal distribution compared to not
ADHD is seen as being a subclinical part of the normal distribution with people sitting at the extreme end
However another theory suggests that ADHD is not apart from normal distribution and actually hides within the distribution so a normal symptom distribution could mask a late and ADHD taxonomy
Or as free elements of ADHD change such as an attention impulsivity and hyperactivity they become more closely linked along the distribution together whereas before they were separate. Basically, ADHD is not on the normal distribution but symptoms within the normal distribution vary at the beginning and then become more aligned as you go along.
What is another model for ADHD?
A dysfunctional brain lead to ADHD, which leads to impairment in cognitive functioning - stigma and low self-worth and mental ill health
We’ve improved brain functioning all of these can be turned upside their head
Explain the delay experiment
In condition one of reward is delayed for 30 seconds, but the reward is guaranteed
In condition, two able to escape but sacrifice rewards
ADHD individuals more like to eat to delete the reward rather than the escape because they could not sit and wait
They can wait to rewards, but they would rather not
