Anus, Rectum, Prostate

Question 1

when is are the anus, rectum, and prostate examined ?

Answer 1

• annual person exam’

- when the patient has a specific concern

Question 2

anatomy of anal canal

Answer 2

• 2.5 to 4 cm long
• Opens onto the perineum
• Visible tissue at the external margin of the anus is moist, hairless mucosa
• Juncture with the perianal skin is characterized by increased pigmentation and, in the adult, the presence of hair
• Lower ½ is sensitive to pain

Question 3

Rectum

Answer 3

12 cm long and lies superior to the anus.
•Proximal end is continuous with the sigmoid colon
•Rectal ampulla stores flatus and feces
•Rectal wall contains three semilunar transverse folds (Houston valves).
•Lowest of these folds can be palpated8

Question 4

where is the prostate located ?

Answer 4

Located at the base of the bladder and surrounds the urethra

Question 5

prostate

Answer 5

4 × 3 × 2 cm in size•Right and left lobes separated by median sulcus•Posterior surface accessible by digital examination of the anterior rectal wall

Question 6

what subjective data would you want to know?

Answer 6

• Usual bowel routine
• Change in bowel habits
• Rectal bleeding or blood in stool
• Medications
• Rectal conditions
• Family history
• Self-care

Question 7

what would you want to know about their bowel routine?

Answer 7

• Regular BMs?
• How often?
• Color?
• Hard or soft?
• Straining, incomplete evacuation, pain while passing a BM
• Dyschezia: pain due to local condition (hemorrhoid, fistula) or constipation

Question 8

what would you want to know about changes in bowel function?

Answer 8

Loose stools or diarrhea?•Character: number, frequency, consistency of stools; presence of mucus or blood; color
•Onset and duration?•Restaurant food eaten; travel outside country?•Accompanying symptoms: nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain?•Medications: iron, laxatives, stool softeners?

Question 9

if there is rectal bleeding or blood in still, what would you want to know?

Answer 9

Bright red or dark red-black?•Black or tarry stools (melena)? may be tarry due to GI bleeding
•Relation to defecation?•Amount?
•Non-tarry: due to ingestion of iron medications

Question 10

what medications are they taking?

Answer 10

Laxatives?
•Stool softeners?•Iron supplements?
•Opioids
•Calcium supplements?•Enemas?
•Suppositories?

Question 11

What is benign prostatic hyper trophy?

Answer 11

Gradual expected symmetric nontender enlargement of the prostate caused by hormonal imbalances

Question 12

What may BPH cause?

Answer 12

Urinary frequency, urgency, hesitancy, we can stream, straining to urinate, sensation of incomplete emptying, nocturia

Question 13

Prostate cancer

Answer 13

Most frequently diagnosed with men symptoms are similar to benign prostate have a trophy, pain in lower back, pelvis or thighs

Question 14

What are the risk factors for prostate cancer

Answer 14

• African-American
• Man with one 1st° relative (father, brother, son) who have had prostate cancer have a 2 to 3 times higher risk
• Men with BRCA2. Mutations
• Diets high in red and processed meat, saturated fats
• obesity

Question 15

Polyuria

Answer 15

Urinating more often than usual

Question 16

Urgency

Answer 16

Cannot wait to. Urinate

Question 17

Nocturia

Answer 17

Awaken during the night with the need to urinate

Question 18

Dysuria

Answer 18

Pain or burning with urination

Question 19

Hesitancy

Answer 19

Difficulty starting or maintaining a stream