antimicrobials Flashcards
complications of antibiotic therapy
1) hypersensitivity
2) Direct toxicity
3) superinfection
beta lactam abx
PCN, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams
beta-lactamases
bacterial enzymes: penicillinases, cephalosporinases that hydrolyze beta lactam ring
PCNs MOA
inhibit last step in PGN synthesis via PBP binding
PBPs = inactivate bacterial enzymes
autolysin production
PCNs are inactive against
mycoplasma
protozoa
fungi
viruses
organisms without PGN cell walls
PCN G use
syphillis strep pneumococci gram positives, some gram negatives - NOT STAPH
most anaerobes - not bacteroides
DOC for syphillis and rheumatic fever prophylaxis
PCN G benzathine
PCN G vs V, which is more stable? oral?
PCN V more acid stable and oral
DOC for strep throat
PCN V
antistaphylococcal PCNs
b-lactamase resistant methicillin nafcillin oxacillin dicloxacillin
1st line tx for staphylococci endocarditis in pt w/o artificial heart valves
antistaphylococcal PCNs methicillin nafcillin oxacillin dicloxacillin
extended spectrum pcn
ampicillin
amoxicillin
which PCN has higher oral bioavailability
amoxicillin
extended spec PCN use
OM, strep throat, PNA, skin infections, UTI, URI
prophylaxis for dental or respiratory tract procedures
amoxicillin
combination tx for enterococci and listerial infections
ampicillin + aminoglycoside
prophylactic tx for dog, cat and human bites
amoxicillin + clauvinic acid
antipseudomonal PCN
carbenicillin
ticarcillin
piperacillin
antipseudomonal PCN use
gram neg and gram pos
PSEUDOMONAS
injectable tx of gram -
antipseudomonal PCNs: carbenicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin
PCN AE***
GI distrubance: diarrhea
PCN + aminoglycoside
synergistic effect: PCN facilitate movement of aminoglycosides into cell wall
- DONT place in same infusion fluid
empiric tx for infective endocarditis
PCN + aminoglycoside
PCN resistance mechanisms (4)
1) inactivation by b-lactamase
2) modified PBP target
3) impaired penetration of drug to target PBP
4) inc efflux
PCN distribution
therapeutic levels everywhere EXCEPT prostate and eye
also - poor CNS penetration
PCN excretion
kidney - be careful in kidney failure
exception: nafcillin = excreted in bile
nafcillin excretion
bile
oxacillin excretion
renal and biliary excretion
dicloxacillin excretion
renal and biliary excretion
PCN hypersensitivity AE
penicilioc acid = major antigenic determinant
which PCN cause maculopapular rash
ampicillin
amoxicillin
beta lactamase inhibitors (3)
clavulanic acid
sulbactam
tazobactam
cephalosporins 1st-3rd generation
gram +
cephalosporins 4th generation
gram + and gram -
cephalosporins 5th generation
only one activate against MRSA. works against gram + and -; not effective against pseudomonas
1st generation cephalosproin drugs
cefazolin
cephalexin
can substitute PCN G
resistance to staph penicillinase
DOC for surgical prophylaxis**
cefazolin: 1st generation cephalosporin
2nd generation cephalosporin drugs
cefaclor
cefoxitin
cefotetan
cefamandaole
2nd generation cephalosporin use
gram negative - greater against h.flu, enterobac
sinusitis, otitis, lower resp tract infections
DOC prophylaxis and therapy of abdominal and pelvic cavity infections
cefotetan
cefoxitin
3rd generation cephalosporin drugs
ceftriaxone cefoperazone cefotaxime ceftazidime cefixime
3rd generation cephalosporin use
gram negative cocci
h flu, neisseria, enterobacter - pseudomonas
less active against gram pos
which 3rd generations are useful for pneumococci
ceftriaxone
cefotaxime
DOC for gonorrhea
ceftriaxone
DOC for meningitis d/t ampicillin-resistant h.flu
ceftriaxone
DOC prophylaxis of meningitis of exposed individuals
ceftriaxone
which 3rd generation cephalosporin can help tx lyme’s (but is not DOC)
ceftriaxone
4th generation cephalosporin
cefipime - parenteral admin only
cefipime use
wide spectrum - only use as empiric therapy and you’re not sure
gram + like 1st generation and gram - of 3rd generation = enterbac, hemophilus, neisseria, e.coli, pneumococci, proteus, pseudo
UTIs, complicated intra-abdominal infections, febrile neutropenia
5th generation cephalosporin
ceftaroline
5th generation cephalosproin use
ONLY FOR MRSA - reserved drug - similar to 3rd generation
parenteral only
drug tx for skin/soft tissue infection due to MRSA (esp with gram - coinfection)
ceftaroline
which cephalosporins are not given parenterally
cephalexin
cefaclor
cefixime
which generatoin cephalosporin reaches adequeate levels in CSF
3rd generation - useful for meningitis
elimination of cephalosporins
kidneys
which cephalosporins are excreted in bile
ceftriaxone
cefoperazone
cephalosporins AE
allergic reaction pain at infection site (IM) thrombophlebitis (IV) superinfection: c. diff kernicterus: pregnant
If pt has allergy to PCN, what should you remember about cephalosporin use
cross sensitivity with cephalosporin CAN occur
only okay if the PCN allergic reaction was very mild - but don’t risk it
which cephalosporins can cause hypoprothrombinemia and disulfiram like reactions?
cefamandole
cefoperazone
cefotetan
all contain methyl-thiotetrazole group
if woman is pregnant and has meningitis, is ceftriaxone safe?
YES - risk outweighs benefit
- even with possible kernicterus risk
- but if pregnant mother has OM, choose ampicillin or another Abx
2 carbapenems
imipenem
meropenem
carbapenem use
empiric therapy - multiple infections - resists b-lactamases
very broad spectrum: pencillinase producing gram positive and negative, aerobes, anaerobes, pseudomonas
not active against carbapenemase producing organisms
not active against MRSA
DOC for enterobacter infections
carbapenems
DOC for extended spec B-lactamase producing gram negatives
carbapenems
Imipenem danger
can form nephrotoxic metabolite - combine with cilastatin prevents metabolism and toxicity = increased bioavailability
not needed for meropenem- not metabolized by same enzyme
carbapenem AE
n/v/d high imipenem = seizures allergic reaction (with PCN cross reactive)
Monobactam drug
aztreonam
monobactam use
AEROBIC gram - rods only
(includes pseudomonas)
not active against gram positive or anaerobes
UTIs (for pt who’s infection hasn’t been tx properly with 1 or 2nd line)
lower resp tract infections
septicemia…
monobactam PK
IV, IM, inhalation for CF)
can penetrate CSF when inflamed (not normally)
monobactam excretion
urine
best route of administration in CF patients
inhalation
monobactam AE
IV: phlebitis/thrombophlebitis
skin rashes, inc serum aminotransferases
GI upset
little cross hypersensitivty with other b-lactam abx
vancomycin
bactericidal
bacterial glycoprotein
ONLY gram +: multi-drug resistant organisms
gram - organisms are resistant
vancomycin MOA
binds @ D-Ala-D-Ala terminus of nascent peptidoglycan pentapeptide
- therefor inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis and polymerization (NOT cross linking** like PCN)
development of vancomycin resistance
modified D-ala-D-ala binding site
plasmid mediated changes in drug permeability
enterococcal endocarditis tx
vancomycin + aminoglycoside
empirical infective endocarditis tx
aminoglycoside + vancomysin
tx gram + in pt severely allergic to b-lactams
vancomycin
tx b-lactam resistance gram + organisms (MRSA)
vancomycin
staphylococcal enterocolitis tx
vancomycin orally
antibiotic associated pseumembranous colitis tx
vancomycin orally
when is vancymycin used orally
for GI infections
vancomycin PK
SLOW IV infusion - if too quick –> red man syndrome
vancomycin excretion
kidneys
red man syndrome
fast vancomycin administration = massive histamine release - flushing to face and upper torso
vancomycin AE
fever/chills/phlebitis
red neck syndrome
otoxocitiy and nephrotoxicity with drug accumulation
daptomycin for PNA treatment
NO EFFECT: can’t reach cell membranes passing through surfactant
daptomycin
bactericidal
Gram positive organisms - MRSA, enterococci
inactive against gram negative
daptomycin MOA
binds cell membrane via calcium dependent insertion of lipid tail = K+ leaks out - depolarization = cell death
useful for multidrug resistant bacteria
daptomycin clinical app
severe infections with MRSA or VRE
tx complicated skin/structure infections d/t s. aureus
daptomycin administration
IV
if accumulate - renal insufficiency
daptomycin AE
inc creatine phosphokinases (MYOPATHY)- discontinue coadministration of statins
will c/o muscle pains
which Abx should not be used with statins
daptomycin
macrolides
Bacitracin MOA
interferes in late stage cell wall synthesis = effective against gram positive
bacitracin unique mechanism
NO cross resistance
Bacitracin AE
nephrotoxicity - mainly topical
Fosfomycin MOA
inhibits cytoplasmic enzyme enolpyruvate transferase in early stage cell wall synthesis (compare to bacitracin - late stage)
Gram + and Gram -
tx of uncomplicated lower UTI (not DOC)
fosfomycin
tetracycline
protein synthesis inhibitior
glycylcylines
protein synthesis inhibitior
aminoglycosides
protein synthesis inhibitior
macrolides
protein synthesis inhibitior
chloramphenicol
protein synthesis inhibitior
clindamycin
protein synthesis inhibitior