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Microbiology Module 2 '15-'16 > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

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1
Q

What class is Erythromycin?

A

Macrolides

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2
Q

What class is Gentamicin?

A

Aminoglycosides

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3
Q

What class is Doxycycline?

A

Tetracycline

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4
Q

What class is Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole?

A

Antimetabolites

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5
Q

What class is Ciprofloxacin?

A

Fluoroquionolones

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6
Q

What class is Levofloxacin?

A

Fluroquinolones

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7
Q

What class is Penicillin?

A

Penicillins

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8
Q

What class is Imipenem?

A

Carbapenems

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9
Q

What class is Cefazolin?

A

Cephalosporins

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10
Q

What class is Vancomycin?

A

Carbapenems

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11
Q

What class is Cefuroxime?

A

Cephalosporins

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12
Q

What class is tetracycline?

A

Tetracycline

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13
Q

What class is Clindamycin?

A

Clindamycin

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14
Q

What class is Tobramycin

A

Aminoglycosides

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15
Q

What class is meropenem

A

Carbapenems

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16
Q

What class is Piperacillin?

A

Penicillins

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17
Q

What class is Doripenem?

A

Carbapenems

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18
Q

What class is Oxacillin?

A

Penicillins

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19
Q

What class is Ceftazidime?

A

Cephalosporin

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20
Q

What class is amikacin?

A

Aminoglycosides

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21
Q

What class is Cefepime

A

Cephalosporins

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22
Q

How many interactions occur between a patient, organism and antimicrobial agent?

A

6

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23
Q

What group do penicillins work with?

A

Both GP and GN

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24
Q

What group do Cephalosporins work with?

A

Was GPC NOW it is GNR

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25
Q

What group do Glycopeptides work with?

A

GP (ans non-fermentive GNR)

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26
Q

What group do Clindamycins work with?

A

GP and anaerobes

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27
Q

What is the mechanism of Penicillins?

A

Bactericidal, stops cross linking of cell wall

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28
Q

What is the mechanism of Cephalosporins?

A

Bactericidal, stops cross linking of cell wall

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29
Q

What is the mechanism of Glycopeptides?

A

Bactericidal, inhibits cell wall synthesis LARGE

30
Q

What is the mechanism of Fluroquinodines?

A

Stops topoisomerase and thus DNA synthesis

31
Q

What is the mechanism of Aminoglycosides?

A

Bactericidal, inhibits 30s protein synthesis

32
Q

What is the mechanism of Tetracyclines?

A

Bacteriostatic, inhibits 30s Protein synthesis

33
Q

What is the mechanism of Chloramphenicol?

A

Bacteriostatic, inhibits protein synthesis

34
Q

What is the mechanism of macolides?

A

Bacteriostatic, inhibits 50s protein synthesis

35
Q

What is the mechanism of clindamycin?

A

Bacteriostatic AND Bactericidal, inhibits 50s portion synthesis

36
Q

What is the mechanism of Antimetabolites?

A

Bacteriostatic, Folic acid synthesis

37
Q

Define antibiotic

A

substance naturally produced by living organisms such as bacteria and fungi and able in dilute solutions to inhibit or kill another microorganism

38
Q

Define spectrum of activity?

A

range of activity of an antimicrobial agent/antibiotic has against certain groups of bacteria

39
Q

Define antimicrobial agent?

A

chemical substance or agent produced by a microorganism that has the capability of killing or inhibiting the growth of other microoganisms

40
Q

Define intrinsic?

A

All members of the species are resistant

41
Q

Define Acquired?

A

Not all members are resistant

42
Q

What is the mechanism of resistance for S. saprophyticus and novobiocin

A

Intrinsic

43
Q

What is the mechanism of resistance for S. aureus and methicillin/oxacillin

A

Aquired

44
Q

What are the exchange mechanisms for genes?

A

chromosomal, plasmid, transposon

45
Q

What are the mechanisms for transfer?

A

conjugation, transformation

46
Q

What are the mechanism for expression?

A

constitutive, inducible

47
Q

Define Impermeability

A

decreased accumulation by altered outer membrane porins(channels in cell membranes) or altered transport systems(energy dependent efflux)

48
Q

Define alterations in target molecules

A

methylation of ribosomal RNA(plasmid induced), alterations of ribosomes(prevent binding), altered penicillin binding proteins(PBP) target for most beta-lactam antimicrobials, single step or multi-step

49
Q

Define enzymatic inactivation

A

Beta lactamases(plasmid mediated, chromosomal, extended spectrum), chloramphenicol acetyltransferases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes

50
Q

Define autonomous interaction

A

indifferent, no change

51
Q

Define Antagonistic interaction

A

Inhibited when combined

52
Q

Define synergistic interaction

A

Enhanced when combined

53
Q

What antibiotic is Streptococcus pyogenes is universally susceptible to?

A

Penicillin

54
Q

Growth medium for susceptibility

A

Mueller Hinton, 3-5mm

55
Q

What is the pH

A

7.2-7.4

56
Q

What is the cation concentration?

A

NaCl, Mg, Ca

57
Q

What are the incubation requirements?

A

ambient air, 16-18hr @37

58
Q

What is the inoculum density?

A

1.5x10^8 (.5mcF) final of 5x105 in broth

59
Q

Outline the principle, procedure and interpretation of the disk diffusion test

A

Zone of inhibition determines susceptibility
Take 3-5 isolated colonies and mix into broth, then streak for lawn of growth on plate, place antimicrobial disks on plate, incubate, measure diameter and compare to CLSI charts

60
Q

Outline the principle, procedure, and interpretation for E testing

A

Plastic strip contains gradient of antimicrobial
Use MacFarland standard, streak for lawn of growth, place strips on plate, incubate, read for MIC at lowest concentration where no growth occured

61
Q

Outline the principle, procedure, and interpretation of broth dilution testing.

A

Different dilutions of antimicrobials in broths to determine MIC
Uses modified MacFarland in broths, lowest concentration with growth is MIC

62
Q

Outline the principle, procedure, and interpretation of MIC/MBC and MID/MBD testing.

A

Two-fold dilutions used to determine MIC or MID, the negatives of which can be used to test MBC or MBD,
MIC/MID: Two-fold dilutions with increasing concentrations of antimicrobial to determine the MIC
MBC/MBD: plate the tubes with no visual growth to determine what concentration inhibits 99.9% of growth

63
Q

What is the standard for susceptibility?

A

Agar dilution

64
Q

What test helps to ID resistant MRSA?

A

Mueller hinton and NaCl and oxacillin

65
Q

What test helps to ID ESBL?

A

Cephalosporin and cephalosporin + Clavulanic acid

66
Q

What test helps ID CREs?

A

Hodge Test

67
Q

What clindamycine resistance?

A

D test

68
Q

What is ESBL

A

Extended spectrum beta lactamases

69
Q

What is CRE?

A

Carbapenem resistant enterics

70
Q

What is KPC?

A

klebeslla pnemoneae carbapenem

71
Q

What is ARHI?

A

Ampicillin resistant Haemophilus influenzae

Microbiology Module 2 '15-'16 (7 decks)

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