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Pathology Year 5 > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

Gram stain results and meaning

A

o Positive is PURPLE- one cell membrane with peptidoglycan outer layer
o Negative is NAGENTA- 2 cell membrane with peptidoglycan in-between and lipposacchurides on outside

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2
Q

Gram positive Cocci

A

Staph- coagulase +- aureus, - epidermis and strep

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3
Q

Gram Negative Bacilli

A 
A	Actinomyces (branching)
B	Bacillus (cereus, athracis)
C	Clostridium (difficile, perfringens, botulinum, tetani)
D	Diphtheriae (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) 
L	Listeria
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4
Q

Broad Spectrum Meds

A 
These Meds Can Cover
T	Tazocin (Piperacillin/Tazobactam)
M	Meropenem
C	Co-amoxiclav
C	Ciprofloxacin
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5
Q

Resistant mechanisms to antibiotics

A 
Bypass
Enzymes (beta-lactamases)
Accumulation impaired (tetracyclines)
Target modified (MRSA)
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6
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Glycopeptides

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7
Q

Which antibiotics interrupt protein synthesis

A 
Chloramphenicols
Oxazolidnones
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Macroloides
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8
Q

Which AB inhibit DNA synthesis

A

Fluoroquinilones

Nitroimidazoles

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9
Q

Which AB inhibit RNA synthesis

A

Rifamycin

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10
Q

Which AB inhibit folate synthesis

A

Sulfonamides

Diaminopyrimidines

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11
Q

What types of microbes are b lactase effective against

A

Penicillin- +
Cephs- as generation increases more negative
Carbs- wide spectrum

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12
Q

What types of microbes are vancomycin effective against

A

MRSA, C diff

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13
Q

What types of microbes are aminoglycosides effective against

A

Gram - sepsis

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14
Q

What types of microbes are tetracyclines effective against

A

Intracellular- chlamydia

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15
Q

What types of microbes are macrolides effective against

A

Gram + usually PCN allergy

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16
Q

What types of microbes are chloramphenicols effective against

A

Bacterial Conjunctivitis

17
Q

What types of microbes are fluoroquinilones effective against

A

Negative

18
Q

What types of microbes are Nitroimidazoles effective against

A

Anaerobes and protozoa

19
Q

What types of microbes are rifamycin effective against

A

Mycobacteria

20
Q

What is used for cellulitis

A

Flucloaxcillin

21
Q

What Is used for pharyngitis

A

Benzylpenicillin

22
Q

What is used for CAP

A

Mild- amoxicillin

Servere- Co-amox and clarithromycin (for atypical)

23
Q

What is used for HAP

A

Non servere- Coamox/doxy
Servere- Piptazobactam/Cef+gent

MRSA- Vanc
Pseudo- Piptazobactam / Tazocin

24
Q

What is used for bacterial meningitis

A

Ceftriaxone

25
Q

What is used for community and nosocomial UTI

A

Com- Trimethoprim/Nitro

Noso- Co amox

26
Q

What is used for C diff

A

Metronidazole

If fail- vanc

27
Q

What is used in sepsis

A

Tazocin/cef or Met+ Gent

28
Q

What is the MIC

A

Minimum inhibitory concentration

o This is the minimum drug concentration that is required to inhibit the growth of the organism in a culture

29
Q

Type 1 antimicrobial pattern of activity

A

o Peak above the MIC (Cmax) is the MOST IMPORTANT factor (these drugs have concentration-dependent effects)
o Therefore, aminoglycosides are given as one big dose once a day, to try and get the Cmax as high as possible
o The higher the Cmax the better the clinical outcome for infections treated with aminoglycosides

30
Q

Type 2 antimicrobial pattern of activity

A

These are time-dependent, so you want to maximise the time above the MIC

e.g penicillin

31
Q

Type 3 antimicrobial pattern of activity

A

o Sort of a combination of Type I and Type II
o The AUC (area under curve) above the MIC is the MOST IMPORTANT factor (both concentration and time-dependent effects)
o Infusions can maintain an AUC above the MIC

e.g vancomycin

32
Q

What is the eagle effect

A

Penicillin works by inhibiting cell wall synthesis, but cell wall synthesis only occurs when the bacteria are dividing

o In cases of extremely high bacterial burden, bacteria may be in the stationary phase of growth - hence penicillin will have little effect

33
Q

What antibiotics commonly cause c diff

A

Cephalosporins
Cirpro (quinilone)
Clindamycin

Pathology Year 5 (42 decks)

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