ANTIHELMINTIC Flashcards
1
Q
Definisi helminths
A
- makroskopik, organisma multiselular, yang mempunyai sistem pencernaan, perkumuhan, pembiakan dan saraf mereka sendiri
2
Q
Definisi helminthiasis
A
- Penyakit di mana bahagian tubuh dipenuhi dengan satu atau lebih cacing parasit usus such (roundworm, tapeworms or flukes)
3
Q
Definisi antihelmintic
A
- ubat yang digunakan untuk merawat jangkitan yang disebabkan cacing parasit.
- sekumpulan ubat antiparasit digunakan untuk menyingkirkan cacing parasit (helminths) dan parasit dalaman lain dari badan dengan cara mengejutkan atau membunuhnya dan tanpa menyebabkan kerosakan yang ketara pada tuan rumah.
- Dikenali tindakan vermifuges (those that stun) or vermicides (those that kill)
4
Q
Nyatakan 3 kumpulan utama helminths beserta cth
A
(1) Nematodes (roundworms) Wuchereria bancrofti - filariasis Enterobius vermicularis - piworms Ascaris lumbricoides - roundworms Trichuris trichiura - whipworm Ancylostoma duodenate - hookworm Strongyloides stercoralis
(2) Trematodes (flukes)
Schistosoma species
Fasciola hepatica & Fasciola gigantica
(3) Cestodes (tapeworms) Taenia saginata - beef tapeworm Taenia solium - pork tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum - fish tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus - hyatid disease
5
Q
Nytakan kategori antihelminths
A
(1) Diethylcarbamazine
(2) Ivermectin
(3) Meendazole
(4) Pyrantel pamoate
(5) Thiabendazole
(6) Praziquantel
(7) Albendazole
(8) Niclosamide
6
Q
Jelaskan bg Diethylcarabamazine
A
Jelaskan bg Diethylcarabamazine
- BRAND NAME: Hetrazan
- INDIKASI : -Merawat Filariasis, control of heartworm larvae in dogs, use for nematodes (tissue and some roundworms)
- Safe for use in pregnant & young animals(Not teratogenic).
- MOA : DEC disrupt the microtubules & inhibit microtubules polymerization
in microfilaria
7
Q
Jelaskan bg Ivermectin
A
- Brand name: Stromectol
- indication: used for the treatment of threadworm disease or strongyloidiasis and onchocerciasis or river blindness.
- Highly effective against all nematode but has no activity against cestodes and
flukes. - MOA: Ivermectin targets the parasite’s glutamate-gated chloride channel receptors.
- Chloride influx is enhanced, and hyperpolarization occurs, resulting in paralysis of the worm paralysis and death of the worms (vermicide)
8
Q
Jelaskan bg Meendazole
A
- Brand name: Vermox
- INDICATION: for the treatment of diseases caused by pinworms, roundworms, whipworms, and hookworms. Use for NEMATODES
- Adverse effects: Mild nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain
- Warning & precaution: Mebendazole is teratogenic in animals
and therefore contraindicated in pregnancy. & children younger than 2 years of age
9
Q
Jelaskan bg Pyrantel Pamoate
A
- Brand name: Antiminth, Pin-Rid
- Indication:for treatment caused by pinworms and roundworms.
- MOA:PERSISTENT ACTIVATION OF PARASITES NICOTINIC RECEPTORS
- THE PARALYZED WORM IS THEN EXPELLED FROM HOST,S INTESTINAL TRACT.
10
Q
Jelaskan bg Thiabendazole
A
- Brand name: Mintezol
- effective against threadworm, cutaneous larva migrans, and early stage of trichinosis.
- Use for nematodes (tissue and some roundworms)
- MOA: Inhibits the helminth-specific enzyme, fumarate reductase
- ADR: Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, headache, giddiness are most common.
- Contraindication in pregnancy.
11
Q
Jelaskan bg Praziquantel
A
- Brand name: Biltricide
- Novel antihelmintic, board range of activity against trematodes (Schistosomes), cestodes but not nematodes.
- MOA: Act as vermicide by :
• 1- interfering with ionic balance due to leakage of intracellular calcium from membrane causing rapid muscular contraction.
• 2. contracture and paralysis Loss of intestinal mucosal grip expelled. - Contra Indication: in pregnant women and ocular Cysticercosis.
12
Q
Jelaskan bg Albendazole
A
- Brand name: Albenza
- a broad-spectrum oral anthelmintic agent
- Indikasi:untuk rawatan luka aktif yang disebabkan oleh cacing pita babi (pork
tapeworm) dan cystic disease of liver, paruparu, dan peritoneum yang disebabkan oleh cacing pita anjing.(dog tapeworm) - It is also used in the treatment of pinworm and hookworm, round worm, whip worm, and thread worm infections.
- Side effects: Mild and transient epigastric distress, diarrhea, headache, nausea, dizziness, and insomnia can occur
13
Q
Jelaskn bg Niclosamide
A
- Brand name: Mansonil®
- MOA: Inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and interfering with anaerobic generation of ATP by the tapeworm.
- ADR: Niclosamide is safe during pregnancy and in patients with poor health.
- Indikasi:for treatment of tape worm infestation in dogs & cats , Beef tape worm,
pork tape worm and fish tape worm.