ANTIHELMINTIC Flashcards

1
Q

Definisi helminths

A
  • makroskopik, organisma multiselular, yang mempunyai sistem pencernaan, perkumuhan, pembiakan dan saraf mereka sendiri
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2
Q

Definisi helminthiasis

A
  • Penyakit di mana bahagian tubuh dipenuhi dengan satu atau lebih cacing parasit usus such (roundworm, tapeworms or flukes)
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3
Q

Definisi antihelmintic

A
  • ubat yang digunakan untuk merawat jangkitan yang disebabkan cacing parasit.
  • sekumpulan ubat antiparasit digunakan untuk menyingkirkan cacing parasit (helminths) dan parasit dalaman lain dari badan dengan cara mengejutkan atau membunuhnya dan tanpa menyebabkan kerosakan yang ketara pada tuan rumah.
  • Dikenali tindakan vermifuges (those that stun) or vermicides (those that kill)
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4
Q

Nyatakan 3 kumpulan utama helminths beserta cth

A
(1) Nematodes (roundworms)
Wuchereria bancrofti - filariasis
Enterobius vermicularis - piworms
Ascaris lumbricoides - roundworms
Trichuris trichiura - whipworm
Ancylostoma duodenate - hookworm
Strongyloides stercoralis

(2) Trematodes (flukes)
Schistosoma species
Fasciola hepatica & Fasciola gigantica

(3) Cestodes (tapeworms) 
Taenia saginata - beef tapeworm
Taenia solium - pork tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium latum - fish tapeworm
Echinococcus granulosus - hyatid disease
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5
Q

Nytakan kategori antihelminths

A

(1) Diethylcarbamazine
(2) Ivermectin
(3) Meendazole
(4) Pyrantel pamoate
(5) Thiabendazole
(6) Praziquantel
(7) Albendazole
(8) Niclosamide

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6
Q

Jelaskan bg Diethylcarabamazine

A

Jelaskan bg Diethylcarabamazine

  • BRAND NAME: Hetrazan
  • INDIKASI : -Merawat Filariasis, control of heartworm larvae in dogs, use for nematodes (tissue and some roundworms)
  • Safe for use in pregnant & young animals(Not teratogenic).
  • MOA : DEC disrupt the microtubules & inhibit microtubules polymerization
    in microfilaria
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7
Q

Jelaskan bg Ivermectin

A
  • Brand name: Stromectol
  • indication: used for the treatment of threadworm disease or strongyloidiasis and onchocerciasis or river blindness.
  • Highly effective against all nematode but has no activity against cestodes and
    flukes.
  • MOA: Ivermectin targets the parasite’s glutamate-gated chloride channel receptors.
  • Chloride influx is enhanced, and hyperpolarization occurs, resulting in paralysis of the worm paralysis and death of the worms (vermicide)
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8
Q

Jelaskan bg Meendazole

A
  • Brand name: Vermox
  • INDICATION: for the treatment of diseases caused by pinworms, roundworms, whipworms, and hookworms. Use for NEMATODES
  • Adverse effects: Mild nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain
  • Warning & precaution: Mebendazole is teratogenic in animals
    and therefore contraindicated in pregnancy. & children younger than 2 years of age
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9
Q

Jelaskan bg Pyrantel Pamoate

A
  • Brand name: Antiminth, Pin-Rid
  • Indication:for treatment caused by pinworms and roundworms.
  • MOA:PERSISTENT ACTIVATION OF PARASITES NICOTINIC RECEPTORS
  • THE PARALYZED WORM IS THEN EXPELLED FROM HOST,S INTESTINAL TRACT.
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10
Q

Jelaskan bg Thiabendazole

A
  • Brand name: Mintezol
  • effective against threadworm, cutaneous larva migrans, and early stage of trichinosis.
  • Use for nematodes (tissue and some roundworms)
  • MOA: Inhibits the helminth-specific enzyme, fumarate reductase
  • ADR: Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, headache, giddiness are most common.
  • Contraindication in pregnancy.
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11
Q

Jelaskan bg Praziquantel

A
  • Brand name: Biltricide
  • Novel antihelmintic, board range of activity against trematodes (Schistosomes), cestodes but not nematodes.
  • MOA: Act as vermicide by :
    • 1- interfering with ionic balance due to leakage of intracellular calcium from membrane causing rapid muscular contraction.
    • 2. contracture and paralysis Loss of intestinal mucosal grip expelled.
  • Contra Indication: in pregnant women and ocular Cysticercosis.
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12
Q

Jelaskan bg Albendazole

A
  • Brand name: Albenza
  • a broad-spectrum oral anthelmintic agent
  • Indikasi:untuk rawatan luka aktif yang disebabkan oleh cacing pita babi (pork
    tapeworm) dan cystic disease of liver, paruparu, dan peritoneum yang disebabkan oleh cacing pita anjing.(dog tapeworm)
  • It is also used in the treatment of pinworm and hookworm, round worm, whip worm, and thread worm infections.
  • Side effects: Mild and transient epigastric distress, diarrhea, headache, nausea, dizziness, and insomnia can occur
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13
Q

Jelaskn bg Niclosamide

A
  • Brand name: Mansonil®
  • MOA: Inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and interfering with anaerobic generation of ATP by the tapeworm.
  • ADR: Niclosamide is safe during pregnancy and in patients with poor health.
  • Indikasi:for treatment of tape worm infestation in dogs & cats , Beef tape worm,
    pork tape worm and fish tape worm.
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