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pharm > antibiotics part 1 > Flashcards

antibiotics part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

health care associated infections

A

contracted in a health care facility. ex- hospital or LTC

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1
Q

community-acquired infection

A

infection acquired by a person who has not been hospitalized or had a medical procedure within the past year

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2
Q

when do health care associated infections occur

A

more than 48 hours after admission

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3
Q

why are health care-associated infections hard to treat

A

MOs are often drug resistant and the most virulent

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4
Q

what is the first indication of infection

A

confusion

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5
Q

health care-associated infections

A

MRSA and VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococcus)

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6
Q

health care-associated prevention

A

handwashing, antiseptics, disinfections

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7
Q

what do disinfectants do

A

kill organisms, used only on non living objects, cidal agent

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8
Q

what do antiseptics do

A

generally only inhibits the growth of MOs, applied to living tissue, static agents

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9
Q

what are antibiotics

A

meds used to treat bacterial infections

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10
Q

before beginning antibiotic therapy

A

area of infection should be cultured to identify causative organisms

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11
Q

empiric therapy

A

treatment of infection before specific culture info has been reported

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12
Q

definitive therapy

A

antibiotic therapy tailored to treat organism identified with cultures

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13
Q

prophylactic therapy

A

treatment with antibiotics to prevent infection as in intra abd surgery or after trauma

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14
Q

therapeutic response

A

decrease in specific signs and symptoms of infection are noted

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15
Q

subtherapeutic response

A

signs and symptoms of infection do not improve

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16
Q

superinfection

A

reduces or eliminates normal body flora

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17
Q

what is an example antibiotic acquired diarrhea super infection

A

pseudomembranous colitis: clostridium difficile

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18
Q

what is a secondary infection?

A

follows the initial infection and comes from an external source

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19
Q

host factors

A

factors that pertain specifically to a given pt and can have an impact on the success or failure of antibiotic therapy. ex- allergy history, age, pregnancy status

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20
Q

what are 2 classes of antibiotics that many ppl have allergies to

A

penicillins and sulfonamides

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21
Q

most common severe reactions to antibiotic therapy

A

difficulty breathing, rash, hives, other skin reactions, sever GI intolerance

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22
Q

glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

A

genetic abnormality that results in enzyme deficiency. administration with antibiotics can result in hemolysis.

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23
Q

slow acetylation

A

drugs metabolized slower than usual. can result in drug toxicity or accumulation.

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24
Q

antibiotic MOA

A

interference with cell synthesis or DNA replication or disrupts metabolism

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25
Q

actions of antibiotics

A

bactericidal or bacteriostatic

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26
Q

sulfonamides example

A

sulfamethoxazole combined with trimethoprim (septra) SMX TMP

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27
Q

sulfonamides MOA

A

-bacteriostatic
-prevents synthesis of folic acid (which makes up DNA and RNA)
-don’t affect human cells, only affects organisms that synthesize their own folic acid

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28
Q

sulfonamides indications

A
  • effective against gram + and -
  • treats UTIs
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29
Q

sulfonamides indications

A
  • pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
  • upper resp tract infections
  • staphylococcus infections
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30
Q

sulfonamides contraindications

A
  • celebrex
  • pregnant and <2 months
  • stops action of birth control
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31
Q

sulfonamides and sulfonylureas

A

increased hypoglycemic effect

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32
Q

sulfonamide and phenytoin

A

toxicity of phenytoin

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33
Q

sulf and warfarin

A

increased bleeding

34
Q

sulf and cyclosporine

A

nephrotoxicity

35
Q

take sulfonamides with plenty of fluid to avoid

A

crystalluria or precipitation in the kidneys

36
Q

what are the B lactam antibiotics

A

penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams

37
Q

examples of natural penicillins

A

penicillin G and penicillin V
work against gram pos only

38
Q

example of a penicillinase-resistant drug

A

cloxacillin sodium.
resists breakdown of enzyme penicillinase

39
Q

ex of aminopenicillins

A

amoxicillin and ampicillin

40
Q

B lactamase inhibitors

A

clavulanic acid (clavulante) and tazobactam

41
Q

extended-spectrum drug examples

A

piperacillin sodium/ tazobactam sodium (Tazocin)

42
Q

penicillin indications

A

prevention and treatment of infections caused by bacteria

43
Q

penicillin adverse effects

A

0.7-4% of treatment courses
- urticaria, pruritus, angioedema
- increased risk to other B lactam antibiotics
- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abd pain

44
Q

what pts should not receive cephalosporins

A

history of throat swelling and hives from penicillin

45
Q

penicillin interactions

A

NSAIDS, birth control, potassium supplements, probenecid, rifampin, warfarin

46
Q

avoid taking oral penicillin with

A

caffine, citrus, fruit/juice, tomato juice, colas

47
Q

cephalosporins

A

semisynthetic antibiotic, related to penicillin, bactericidal, broad spectrum

48
Q

1st gen cephalosporins

A
  • gram pos coverage
  • poor gram neg coverage
  • parenteral and enteral
  • used for surgical prophylaxis
49
Q

1st gen cephalosporin example

A

cephalexin PO (Keflex) and cefazolin (IV or IM)

50
Q

2nd gen cephalosporins

A
  • good gram + coverage
  • better gram - than first gen
51
Q

2nd gen cephalosporin examples

A
  1. cefoxitin (IV and IM, kills anaerobes, surgical prophylaxis)
  2. cefuroxime (PO, surgical prophylaxis, doesn’t kill anaerobes)
52
Q

3rd gen cephalosporins

A
  • most potent against gram -
  • less active against gram +
53
Q

3rd gen cephalosporin examples

A

-ceftazidime (good for gram -, IV and IM)
- ceftriaxone (IV and IM, long half life, treats meningitis)

54
Q

4th gen cephalosporins

A
  • broader spectrum than 3rd gen especially against gram pos
    -treats UTIs
55
Q

ex of 4th gen cephalosporins

A

cefepime hydrochloride (Maxipime)

56
Q

cephalosporin adverse effects

A

GI symtoms, rash, pruritus, redness, edema

57
Q

which has the broadest antibacterial action of any of the antibiotics

A

carbapenems

58
Q

what are carbapenems used for

A

complicated body cavity and connective tissue infections in acutely ill hospitalized pts

59
Q

carbapenems may cause

A

drug induced seizure activity. can be reduced with proper dosage

60
Q

example of a carbapenem

A

imipenem/cilastatin (Primaxin)
- treats bone, joint, skin and tissue infection

61
Q

ex of macrolides

A

erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin

61
Q

macrolides MOA

A
  • prevents protein synthesis
  • bacteriostatic
62
Q

macrolide indications

A

strep infections, upper and lower resp infections, spirochetal infect, gonorrhea, chlamydia, mycoplasma

63
Q

macrolides adverse effects

A

GI with erythromycin
azithromycin and clarithromyin- less GI, longer duration of action, better efficacy

64
Q

tetracyclines examples

A

doxycycline hyclate (Doxycin, VIbramycin)
tigecycline (Tygacil)

65
Q

tetracyclines

A

natural and semisynthetic
bacteriostatic
inhibits protein synthesis

66
Q

tetracycline binds to

A

Ca Mg and Al to form insoluble complexes

67
Q

what reduces the oral absorption of tetracyclines

A

dairy products, antacids, iron salts

68
Q

dont use tetracyclines with

A

kids <8, pregnant, lactating because of tooth discoloration

69
Q

tetracycline indications

A

wide spectrum (gram pos and gram neg)

70
Q

tetracycline adverse effects

A

vaginal candidiasis, GI upset, enterocolitis, maculopapular rash

71
Q

assessments before antibiotics

A
  • allergies
    -CULTURE
  • renal, liver cardiac function
  • immune status
  • possible contraindications
  • drug interactions
72
Q

symptoms of superinfection

A

fever, perineal itching, cough, lethargy, unusual discharge

73
Q

all oral antibiotics are absorbed better when taken with

A

180mL of water

74
Q

sulfonamides should be taken with how much water

A

2000-3000ml per 24 hrs

75
Q

dont take penicillins with

A

juice because it can nullify the antibacterial action

76
Q

monitor for allergic reaction to penecillin

A

30 mins after admin

77
Q

what to allergy to assess for before giving cephalosporins

A

penicillin

78
Q

do u give cephalosporins with food

A

yes to decrease GI upset

79
Q

disulfiram reaction

A

cephalosporins and alcohol

80
Q

avoid sunlight with what drug

A

tetracycline

81
Q
A

pharm (21 decks)

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