Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance

Question 1

Antibiotics are produced by _____

Answer 1

bacteria/fungi

Question 2

Antibiotics most effective against _____

Answer 2

bacterial infections

Question 3

Problem with Antibiotics (2)

Answer 3

1) drug companies not interested developing new

2) bacterial resistance

Question 4

Misuse of antibiotics (5)

Answer 4

• empiric use
• broad-spectrum
• viral infections
• not complete course
• antibiotics in animal feeds (resistance)

Question 5

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

• measures?
• culture tubes vary?
• it is ___ concentration that ___ growth?

Answer 5

• measures antibiotic activity
• vary concentration
• lowest, inhibits

Question 6

What 5 bacterial components do antibiotics target?

Answer 6

1) Cell Wall Synthesis
2) Protein Synthesis
3) DNA/RNA Synthesis
4) Folate Synthesis
5) Cell Membrane Alteration

Question 7

B Lactam Antibiotics

• inhibit ___?
• bind ____? inhibits___?

Answer 7

• cell wall synthesis
• Penicillin-Binding Proteins
• inhibits cross-link

Question 8

What destroys B Lactam Ring?

Answer 8

B lactamase

Question 9

Methicillin-Chem modified penicillin

• not cleaved by __?
• different PBP2a?

Answer 9

• B lactamase

- doesn’t bind methicillin

Question 10

Vancomycin

• inhibit?
• gram __?
• binds __, @___? inhibits?

Answer 10

• inhibit cell wall synthesis
• gram POSITIVE
• binds peptide linkage
• at D-Ala-D-Ala
• inhibits transpeptidation

Question 11

Resistance Genes to Vancomycin

• name?
• change peptide to?

Answer 11

• van genes

- D-Ala-D-Lac

Question 12

Bacterial Strategies to Antibiotics (4)

Answer 12

1) Prevent Antibiotic Entry (cell envelope)
2) Antibiotic modification (B lactamase)
3) Efflux of Antibiotic
4) Alteration Antibiotic target (PBPs)

Question 13

• mechanisms of antibiotic resistance _____ encoded

- encoded on _____

Answer 13

• genetically

- mobile genetic elements

Question 14

Horizontal Gene Transfer (3)

Answer 14

1) Bacterial Transformation (free DNA)
2) Bacterial Transduction (DNA move via virus)
3) Bacterial Conjugation
(Gene move via plasmid)

Question 15

Antibiotic Threats

Answer 15

• Klebsiella pneumoniae

- Clostridia

Question 16

Klebsiella pneumoniae

• Gram __?
• Produces?
• NDM-1 Antibiotics are ___ resistant?

Answer 16

• Gram NEGATIVE
• capsule
• B lactamase

Question 17

Clostridia

• Gram __?
• Forms __?
• O2?

Answer 17

• Gram POSITIVE
• endospores
• anaerobe

Question 18

Clostridioides difficile

• asymptomatic carrier state in ______
• ____ difficult eradicate
• transmission?

Answer 18

• large intestine
• endospores
• fecal-oral transmission

Question 19

C.diff produce ___?

• _ Domain? Inactivates?
• _ Domain?

Answer 19

• A-B toxins
• A domain = active (enzymatic activity)
• inactivates key regulatory proteins of host cells
• B domain = bind + uptake by host

Question 20

Pseduomembranous colitis

• ____ condition
• ____ receiving antibiotics
• endoscopy shows?
• endospores ____, overgrowth of C.diff –> ____ —> _____

Answer 20

• inflammatory
• AFTER
• lesions
• germinate, exotoxins, inflammation

Question 21

Treatment of C.diff

• problem?
• ___ transplantation?

Answer 21

• cycle
• kill some, remain germinate
• Fecal Microbiota (enter new good bacteria into microbiome)