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Pharm > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

Test 4

1
Q

What does antibitoic mean?

A

against life

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2
Q

What was the 1st true antibiotic?

A

PCN

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3
Q

Briefly describe Abx history

A

Ancient Egypt -> moldy bread

Paul Ehrlich -> Treated syphyllis w/ chemo

Bayer -> discovered sulfa drugs during WWI & used them in WWII

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4
Q

Who discovered PCN?

A

Alexander Fleming

By accident

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5
Q

What is the best way to figure out what antibiotic to give for severe infections?

A

C&S = culture & sensitivity test

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6
Q

Gram positive bacteria is colored ______ and gram negative is colored _____ d/t the thickness of the __________ layer

A

purple/blue

pink/red

peptidoglycan

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7
Q

What is the target for Abx that are specific for gram positive bacteria?

A

They inhibit the peptidoglycan layer

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8
Q

The peptidoglycan layer in gram negative bateria is _____

A

thin

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9
Q

Describe gram negative bacteria

A

thin peptidoglycan layer
2 cell membranes w/ lipopolysaccharides

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10
Q

Describe how we want to Tx gram negative bacteria

A

We want to slow down the growth to allow immune system to swallow instead of killing them off.

Killing them off will release a bunch of endotoxins into bloodstream d/t lipopolysaccharides in the cell membrane being destroyed. Need to slow their growth and let WBC swallow them.

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11
Q

What are gram positive infections vs gram negative?

A

positive: Staph
Strep

Negative: E. coli
Enterococcus
Enterobacter
Proteus
Klebiella
(Gut bateria)

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12
Q

What is a broad spectrum Abx?

A

effects multiple types of bacteria gram positive and neg

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13
Q

What are the 5 MOA for Abx?

A
  1. Cell wall inhibitor: Gram positive
  2. Cell membrane inhibitor: Gram negative
  3. inhibition of RNA/DNA synthesis
  4. Inhibit folic acid synthesis within bacteria
  5. Protein synthesis inhibitor with ribosomes: broad spectrums
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14
Q

Drugs: Penicillin, Cephalosporin

A

-cillin

Class: Abx
MOA: Inhibit cell wall synthesis (gram +)
-Beta-lactam ring attaches to the enzyme that cross-link peptidoglycas & prevent cell wall synthesis

PCN: 5 ring structure
Ceph: 6 ring structure

If you have an allergy to either one of these cant take the other

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15
Q

What is the most common allergy reaction in Abx?

A

Skin hypersensitivity
Anaphylactic shock

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16
Q

Drugs: Carbepenem

A

-penem

Class: Abx
MOA: Inhibit cell wall synthesis (gram +)

Cross BBB

Can use if PCN/Cephalosporin resistant

17
Q

If the bacteria has a Beta-Lactam ring, what does this mean?

A

Resistant to PCN & Cephalosporin

18
Q

Drugs: Vancomycin

A

Class: Abx
MOA: Inhibit cell wall synthesis (gram +)
-Resistant to beta-lactamase; alt for PCN

Uses: MRSA

More likely to develop AE: Red neck syndrome (release of histamines from mast cells), irritating to tissues, chills/fever, ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity

Can cause resistance
Drug of last resort

19
Q

Drugs: Polymyxin

A

Class: Polyteptide Abx
MOA: Disruption of Cell Membrane (gram -)
-binds to phospholipids

Topical Triple Abx –> Neosporin

SYSTEMIC IS A LAST RESORT
Causes neuro/nephrotoxocoty

20
Q

What is the biggest group of Abx?

A

Inhibitors of protein synthesis
Broad spectrum

21
Q

Drugs: Tetracycline

A

Class: Abx

MOA: Inhibition of protein synthesis by selectively targeting bacteria ribosomes (70S)
-Broad spectrum
- Inhibits growth w/o killing

Structure: 4 cyclic rings

AE: Alot of them; main ones: GI & teeth

DO NOT GIVE THESE TO CHILDREN
especially before their teeh have grown in

22
Q

What are bacteria ribsomes vs human ribosomes?

A

bacteria: 70S

human: 80S

23
Q

Drugs: Eythromycin

A

-mycin

Prototype

Class: Macrolides Abx

Structure: 4 ring structure connected altogether (open in center)

MOA: Inhibition of protein synthesis by selectively targeting bacteria ribosomes (70S)
-Broad spectrum

Azizthromycin: Z-pack
Neomycin: topical

SE: Flactulance

24
Q

Drugs: Ciprofloxacin

A

Class: Fluoroquinolones Abx

MOA: Inhibition of Nucleic Acid synthesis (broad spectrum; neg > pos)
-inhibits RNA/DNA
-binds to DNA gyrase

Uses: UTI, RTI

25
Q

Drugs: Sulfonamide, Trimethoprim

A

Class: Abx

MOA: Inhibition of Folic Acid synthesis which is neeed to produce nucleotides that form DNA/RNA
-competitive inhibition
-Incorporated into important molecules

Sulfonamides: Bactrim, Septra

AE: changes is WBC production (Hematopoietic)

26
Q

What is the precursor to production of Folic acid in bacteria? What is similar to its structure? Describe how competitive inhibition works with this?

A

PABA: para-aminobenzoic acid

bactrim

bactrim has a similar structure to PABA –> binds in the active site of bacteria and shuts down pathway to create folic acid needed for RNA/DNA synthesis

27
Q

Drugs: Ketoconazole, Lamisil

A

Class: Antifungals
MOA: Cell membrane inhibition

Topical

28
Q

Drugs: Hydroxychloroquine, Metronidazole

A

Class: Antiprotozoan agent

Hydroxychloroquine Uses: Malaria
Metronidazole uses: STD

SE: BLACK HAIRY TONGUE grossssss
Birth defects, Cancer

29
Q

Drugs: Niclosamide, Ivermectin, Permethrin

A

Class: Anti-Parasitic Worms

Niclosamide uses: tapeworms

Ivermectin uses: roundworms

Permethrin uses: lice

30
Q

What increases risk of antibiotic resistance? How?

A

Stopping your Abx before you finish them

Although you feel well when you stop taking them, those highly resistant bateria are the ones that are still left

This causes an overgrowth of those highly resistant bacteria

Which means next time when you take that Abx it will be much harder to kill that bacteria

31
Q

Which Abx has the most toxic SE?

A

Tetracyclines
Carapines
Vanc

32
Q

Which Abx are you most likely to have an allergy to or develop resistance to?

A

PCN

33
Q

What disease can Abx cause?

A

C. Diff

Gross….

Pharm (30 decks)

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