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OU Module ID Fall 2018 > Antibacterials Drugs and Spectrum Exam 2 > Flashcards

Antibacterials Drugs and Spectrum Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the β-lactams?

A
  • penicillin G
  • penicillin V
  • oxacillin
  • ampicillin
  • amoxicillin
  • piperacillin
  • amoxicillin + clavulanic acid
  • piperacillin + tazobactam
  • meropenem + vaborbactam
  • nafcillin
  • dicloxacillin
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2
Q

penicillin G spectrum

A

Narrow, Gram +

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3
Q

penicillin V spectrum

A

Narrow, Gram +

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4
Q

oxacillin spectrum

A

Narrow, Gram +

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5
Q

ampicillin spectrum

A

Extended spectrum

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6
Q

amoxicillin spectrum

A

Extended spectrum

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7
Q

piperacillin spectrum

A
  • Extended spectrum (broadest in this group)

- good activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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8
Q

amoxicillin + clavulanic acid spectrum

A

Extended to broad spectrum

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9
Q

piperacillin + tazobactam spectrum

A

Extended to broad spectrum (BROAD)

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10
Q

meropenem + vaborbactam spectrum

A

Extended to broad spectrum

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11
Q

nafcillin spectrum

A

Narrow Gram + spectrum

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12
Q

dicloxacillin spectrum

A

Narrow Gram + spectrum

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13
Q

When would you use oxacillin, nafcillin, or dicloxacillin?

A

when Staphylococcus aureus is the suspected pathogen

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14
Q

What are the Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins?

A
  • oxacillin
  • nafcillin
  • dicloxacillin
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15
Q

What are the Aminopenicillins?

A
  • Ampicillin
  • amoxicillin
  • piperacillin
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16
Q

What is special about the Aminopenicillins?

A
  • extended antibacterial spectrum
  • form ziwtterions at body pH
  • increased penetration across the outer membrane of Gram – bacteria
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17
Q

What are the β-lactamases inhibitors?

A
  • Clavulanic acid
  • tazobactam
  • vaborbactam
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18
Q

What are the combinations of PCN + β-lactamases inhibitors?

A
  • Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid
  • Piperacillin + tazobactam
  • Meropenem + vaborbactam
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19
Q

What are the first generation Cephalosporins?

A
  • Cefazolin
  • cephalexin
  • cefadroxil
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20
Q

First generation Cephalosporin spectrum

A
  • Extended G+ spectrum

- the G- that they target: Proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella (PEcK)

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21
Q

What are the Second Generation Cephalosporins?

A
  • Cefoxitin
  • cefuroxime
  • cefaclor
  • cefprozil
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22
Q

Second Generation Cephalosporins spectrum

A
  • (More) Extended G+ spectrum
  • Hemophilus, Enterobacter, Neisseria (HENPEcK)
  • Less sensitive to β-lactamases compared to first generation
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23
Q

What are the Third Generation Cephalosporins?

A
  • Cefotaxime
  • Ceftriaxone
  • Ceftazidime
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24
Q

Third Generation Cephalosporins spectrum

A
  • Broad spectrum antibiotics
  • Gram +, but less active on Gram + than first generation
  • Most enterobacteriaceae (rod-shaped Gram -)
  • Resistant to β-lactamases
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25
Q

Ceftazidime spectrum

A

unusual high activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NOT an enterobacteriaceae)

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26
Q

Ceftaroline spectrum

A
  • Broad Spectrum
  • Resistant to β-lactamases
  • Unusually good activity against MRSA, and even against vancomycin-resistant Staph. aureus (VRSA)
  • First β-LACTAM approved to treat MRSA and VRSA
  • Not active against P. aeruginosa
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27
Q

What are the Fourth Generation Cephalosporins?

A

Cefepime

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28
Q

Fourth Generation Cephalosporins (Cefepime) spectrum

A
  • Broad spectrum
  • Better activity than third generation on G+
  • Active on most enterobacteriaceae (like third gen.)
  • Excellent activity against P. aeruginosa
  • Resistant to β-lactamases
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29
Q

What are the Fifth Generation Cephalosporins?

A

Ceftaroline

30
Q

β-lactam: Carbapenems spectrum

A
  • Extremely Broad Spectrum (broadest of the PCN group)
  • G+ except MRSA, G- including P. aeruginosa, most anaerobic bacteria
  • Resistant to β-lactamases
31
Q

What are the Carbapenems?

A
  • Imipenem
  • meropenem
  • doripenem
  • ertapenem
32
Q

β-lactam: Monobactams spectrum

A
  • Narrow G- Spectrum

- Gram – only, including P. aeruginosa, aerobic only

33
Q

What are the Monobactams?

A

Aztreonam

34
Q

What can you use to treat MRSA (class)?

A
  • Glycopeptides / lipoglycopeptides
  • Lipopeptides
  • Oxazolidinones (best oral for this indication)
  • Streptogramins
  • Lincosamides
35
Q

Glycopeptides spectrum

A
  • Narrow Gram + spectrum
  • Streptococci
  • Enterococci
  • MRSA infections
  • Clostrodium difficile (G+, anaerobic)
36
Q

Vancomycin uses for oral

A

Clostridium difficile diarrhea

37
Q

What are the Lipoglycopeptides?

A
  • Oritavancin
  • Telavancin
  • Dalbavancin
38
Q

Which drug is useful against VRSA?

A

Oritavancin

39
Q

What are the lipopeptide?

A
  • Daptomycin
40
Q

Lipopeptides spectrum

A
  • Narrow Gram +

- resistant Gram + MRSA and VRSA

41
Q

What are the oxazolidinones?

A
  • Linezolid

- Tedizolid

42
Q

Oxazolidionones spectrum

A
  • Narrow Gram +
  • Most cocci, Staphylococci including MRSA, VRSA, Streptococci
  • penicillin-resistant Strep. pneumoniae, Enterococci including VRE
  • The best oral drug for MRSA infections
43
Q

What are the Streptrogramins?

A

Quinupristin / Dalfopristin

44
Q

Streptrogramins spectrum

A
  • Narrow Gram + spectrum
  • Gram +, most cocci: Staphylococci, MRSA, VRSA, Streptococci, Enterococci (not E. fecalis), VRE
  • Considered last resort antibiotic
45
Q

Lincosamide spectrum

A
  • Narrow Gram +
  • Most typical aerobic Gram + (Staph., Strep.), some strains of MRSA respond
  • Many anaerobic Gram +
  • Special property: Activity against some anaerobic Gram
  • Used for Gram + and anaerobic infections
46
Q

What are the Lincosamides?

A

Clindamycin

47
Q

Macrolide spectrum

A
  • hydrophobicity will help macrolides cross the outer membrane of some G-
48
Q

What are the Macrolides?

A
  • Erythromycin
  • Clarithromycin
  • Azithromycin
49
Q

What is a ketolide?

A
  • Telithromycin
  • binds MLS(b)
    and another site
  • inhibits some MLS resistant bacteria
50
Q

Macrolides spectrum

A
  • Extended G+
  • Primarily active against Gram +, but Strep. pneumoniae wide-spread resistance in the USA is becoming a serious threat
  • Not active against MRSA
  • Gram -, major respiratory pathogens (Hemophilus influenzae), some atypical pathogens. Not active against typical G- (E. coli, P. aeruginosa) so not classified as broad spectrum
51
Q

Clarithromycin spepctrum

A

Macrolide spectrm + Active against some anaerobes and better activity on G+

52
Q

Azithromycin spepctrum

A

Macrolide spectrm + better activity on G-; Not active against anaerobes

53
Q

Sulfamethoxazole spectrum

A

Broad spectrum

54
Q

Trimethoprim spectrum

A

Broad spectrum

55
Q

Sulfamethoxazole plus trimethoprim spectrum

A

Many MRSA strains respond

56
Q

What are the ansamycins?

A

Rifamycin: rifampin, rifabutin, Rifaximin

57
Q

Ansamycins spectrum

A
  • Broad
  • Especially active against Mycobacteria
  • Primarily used for Tuberculosis
58
Q

What are the fluoro/quinolones?

A
  • ozenoxacin
  • ciprofloxacin
  • ofloxacin
  • levofloxacin
  • moxifloxacin
  • Delafloxacin,
59
Q

Fluoro/quinolones spectrum

A

Broad

60
Q

ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin spectrum

A

more active against G – , including P. aeruginosa

61
Q

levofloxacin, moxifloxacin spectrum

A

improved activity against G+, not active against MRSA

62
Q

Delafloxacin spectrum

A
  • better activity against G+
  • active against some MRSA,
  • less resistance develops
  • more active at acidic pHs.
63
Q

moxifloxacin spectrum within its own class

A

best activity against anaerobes

64
Q

What are the Tetracyclines?

A
  • Tetracycline
  • Doxycycline
  • Doxycycline
  • Tigecycline
  • omadacycline
  • omadacycline
65
Q

Tetracyclines spectrum

A
  • Usually more active against G+ than G-, not active against P. aeruginosa
  • Tetracycline is not active against MRSA
  • Doxycycline and Minocycline are active on some MRSA
  • Tigecycline, omadacycline and eravacycline are active against more MRSA and multiresistant organisms
66
Q

What are the aminoglycosides?

A
  • Gentamicin
  • Tobramycin
  • Amikacin
  • Plazomicin
67
Q

Aminoglycosides spectrum

A
  • Extended G-
    Active against G -, including P. aeruginosa, Plazomicin is also active against multidrug resistant G -
  • Some G + but many are resistant, not active against MRSA
  • ransporters are oxygen-dependent so these drugs are inactive on anaerobic bacteria
68
Q

What are the polypeptides?

A
  • Colistin

- Belong to the polymyxin family of molecules

69
Q

Polypeptide spectrum

A
  • Narrow G -
  • Gram -, especially Pseudomonas, Escherichia, and Klebsiella species
  • Active against multidrug resistant G -
70
Q

What are the nitromidazoles?

A
  • Metronidazole

- Secnidazole

71
Q

Nitromidazole spectrum

A
  • Gram + and Gram - anaerobes
  • Metronidazole no longer recommended for Clostrodium difficile infections
  • Secnidazole (single oral dose) was approved for bacterial vaginosis

OU Module ID Fall 2018 (18 decks)

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