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Final Pharamcology > Anti-viral, Anticancer, Anti-inflamm, Drugs > Flashcards

Anti-viral, Anticancer, Anti-inflamm, Drugs Flashcards

0
Q

what are the three subgroups of Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (used in tx of HIV)?

A
  1. Nucleosides (NRTIs)
  2. Nucleotides
  3. Nonnucleosides (NNRTIs)
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1
Q

what is the MOA of Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors used in tx of HIV infection?

A
  • they inhibit the formation of DNA from RNA

- mutation of reverse transcriptase enzyme is very rapid

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2
Q

give examples of Nucleosides?

A

Zidovudine

Lamivudine

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3
Q

what combination of drugs is given to healthcare providers after accidental needle stick?

A

Zidovudine + lamivudine (Combivir)

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4
Q

what is MOA of Protease inhibitors?

A

HIV protease enzyme is involved in maturation of newly forming viral article.

By inhibiting HIV protease, these drugs interfere with processing of viral protein, thus preventing formation of new viral particles

[stops the process of splicing of viral polyprotein into active viral protein]

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5
Q

what drugs are Protease Inhibitors for HIV tx. what are their side effects?

A

Atazanavir
Fosamprenavir

side effect: bad effect on lipid profile. increases bad cholesterol LDL, so you get accumulation of fat deposits in body tissues and blood

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6
Q

what are the drugs used to tx influenza? what is their MOA?

A

Amantadine: inhibits virus uncoating. used for tx and prevention of influenza type A infection

Neuraminidase inhibitors: block release of influenza from infected cells by inhibiting neuraminidase which is inserted into the host cell membrane for purpose of releasing newly formed virions. used for tx of influenza A and B. (example of drug is Zanamivir)

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7
Q

what are important drugs used to treat herpes and cytomegalovirus infections?

A

Acyclovir
Foscarnet
Gancyclovir

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8
Q

what is the use of Ribavirin?

A

used for tx of Respiratory Syncytial Viral infections (RSV)

it interferes with viral mRNA
Also used for Hep C infection

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9
Q

important drugs that tx Hep B are?

A

Aedefovir
Tenofovir
interferon a-2a

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10
Q

what is MOA of interferons (that tx Hep B)?

A

induces host cell enzymes that inhibit viral RNA translation, ultimately leading to degradation of viral mRNA and tRNA

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11
Q

important drugs used to tx Hep C?

A

Pegylated interferon a-2a or Pegylated interferon a-2b

Ribavirin

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12
Q

what are MOA and adverse affects of Cyclophosphamide?

A
  • it is an alkylating agent, which works by adding alkyl group to components of DNA called alkylation of DNA. they are prone to cause local tissue necrosis and damage.

u/e: hemorrhagic cystitis

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13
Q

what is MOA and use of Methotrexate?

A

[it is an Antimetabolites (block folate enzyme and inhibit synthesis or compete with purine or pyrimidine bases in the DNA or RNA production in the S-phase)]

-it binds and competitively inhibits the enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase.
-used to tx psoriasis and severe rheumatoid arthritis in addition to a whole variety of cancers.
[*also a DMARD under anti-inflammtory drugs]

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14
Q

what is MOA of Doxorubicin?

A
  • antibiotics (disrupt DNA fx in S and G2 phase)

- this drug causes cardiotoxcity as well as alopecia and bone marrow depression

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15
Q

what are MOA and adverse effects of Vinca Alkaloids - Vincristine and Vinblastine?

A

they are Microtubule inhibitors, they bind to tubules and disrupt the spindle apparatus during cell division.

Vincristine - has neurologic toxicity
Vinblastine: bone marrow toxicity

16
Q

what are adverse effects of Bleomycin and which group of drugs does it belong to?

A
  • antibiotics (disrupt DNA fx in S and G2 phase) for tx of Cancer

it can cause fatal pulmonary fibrosis. extreme conditions must be used in patients with a pre-existing history of lung disease

17
Q

How does hormonal agents tx cancers?

A

they tx hormonally sensitive tumors, such as tumors of breast, prostate, and uterus.
goal is to:
1) reduce levels of hormone that is stimulating growth of tumor
2) block receptor of hormone
3) glucocorticoids produce cytotoxic effect

18
Q

classify hormonal agents used to tx cancers?

A
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Aromatase Inhibitors
  • Antiestrogens
  • Androgen receptor antagonists
  • GnRH Analogs
19
Q

what are the uses of imatinib?

A

[Monoclonal antibodies of anticancer drug category]

tx of chronic myeloid leukemina (CML)

20
Q

what is use of cisplatin and carbaplatin?

A

tx testicular carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, and bladder carcinoma

21
Q

use of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine?

A

is a tuberculosis vaccine that appears to be most effective in treating small localized superficial urinary bladder carcinoma, and is approved for intravesicular use. it is non-specific stimulant reticuloendothelial system.

22
Q

what is MOA of NSAIDs (non-sterodial anti-inflammatory drugs)?

A

they act primarily by inhibiting by cyclooxygenase enzymes that catalyze the 1st step in prostaglandin biosynthesis. this leads to decreased prostaglandin synthesis with both beneficial and unwanted effects.

23
Q

what serious adverse effect can happen when using aspirin in viral infections?

A

it can cause Reye syndrome if given in viral infections, esp in children.

[aspirin is an irreversible inhibitor of COX]

24
Q

what is special use of indomethacin?

A

it is NSAIDs

used in patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in newborn babies

25
Q

what is advantage of using COX-2 inhibitors? give example?

A

does not inhibit platelet aggregation and has a lower risk for GI bleeding; thus good for chronic use [but may cause hypertension]

-Celocoxib

26
Q

what is MOA, limitations of using Acetaminophen?

A
  • it is analgesic (pain reliever)
  • inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in CNS. this explains its antipyretic and analgesic properties.
  • its limitation is that it has less effect on cyclooxygenase in peripheral tissues, which accounts for its weak anti-inflammatory activity
27
Q

MOA of infliximab?

A

drug used for arthritis

binds to TNF-a and neutralizes that cytokine, used in Crohn’s disease

28
Q

what are use of methotrexate, and D-penicillamine?

A

they are Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD)

[D-Penicillamine is also used as a chelating agent in tx of heavy metal poisoning and Wilson’s disease]
[*Methotrexate is also an Antimetabolites of Anticancer drug]

29
Q

what is MOA of Allopurinol?

A

drug used for Gout

-inhibits xanthine oxidase thereby reducing uric acid formation

30
Q

what is MOA of Colchincine?

A

drug used for acute attack of Gout

-decreases the migration of neutrophils to site of inflammation; also inhibits synthesis and release of leukotrienes

31
Q

what is MOA of Probenecid?

A

drug used for Gout

-increases uric acid excretion by KD (uricosuric drugs)

32
Q

what is MOA, uses, and toxic effects of Cyclosporine (CsA)

A

this is immunosuppressive drugs used to inhibit rejection of transplanted tissue

  • this is selective inhibitors of cytokine production and function
  • CsA is agent of choice bc it is a specific T cell inhibitor.
  • it binds with calcineurin ultimately inhibiting the synthesis of IL-2 which is responsible T cell growth and function.

-Toxic effects are nephrotoxicity, thromboembolism, neurotoxicity, seizure etc.

33
Q

name a drug under Aromatase inhibitor, a group under Hormonal agent for tx of cancer?

this drug treats estrogen-depenndent breast cancer resistant to tamoxifen.

A

anastrozole

34
Q

name a drug under Antiestrogen, a group under Hormonal agent for tx of cancer?

this drug is a competitive antagonist of estrogen receptor; 1st line agent in tx of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer

A

tamoxifen

35
Q

name a drug under Androgen receptor antagonist, a group under Hormonal agent for tx of cancer?

this drug competes with natural hormone testosterone for binding to androgen receptor and prevent its translocation into nucleus and is used in tx of prostate cancer

A

flutamide

37
Q

name a drug under GnRH Analogs, a group under Hormonal agent for tx of cancer?

this drug occupy GnRH receptors in pituitary, which leads to its desensitization, and consequently inhibits release of FSH and LH. Thu both androgen and estrogen synthesis are reduced. this drug is used in metastatic prostate cancer

A

Leuprolide

38
Q

name a drug under Glucocorticoids, a group under Hormonal agent for tx of cancer?

this drug binds to intracellular receptors and trigger the formation of specific proteins that inhibit cellular growth and proliferation.

it is used to induce remission in patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia and to tx both Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

A

Prednisone

Final Pharamcology (8 decks)

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