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Final Pharamcology > Anti-microbial Drugs > Flashcards

Anti-microbial Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal antibiotics?

A

Bacteriostatic = arrest growth

Bacteriocidal = kill bacteria

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2
Q

List the two groups of drugs that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis?

A

penicilins ; cephalosporins

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3
Q

Which drug is best for treating syphilis?

A

Benzathine Penicillin G

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4
Q

Which drugs are effective against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa?

A

Antipseudomonal Penicillins:

Piperacillin ; Carbenicillin

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5
Q

What is the action of Clavulanic Acid?

A

it inhibits penicillinases like Beta-Lactamase that can open the beta-lactam ring of the penicillin rendering it ineffective.

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6
Q

What drug is paired with Clavulanic Acid to make augmentin?

A

Amoxicillin

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7
Q

What is the first-line drug in the Tx of gonorrhea?

[also treats meningitis in children bc of its effectiveness against hemophyllus influenzae]

A

third generation Cephalosporins:

Ceftriaxone

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8
Q

Which Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis bind to the 30s ribosomal subunit? Which inhibitors bid to the 50s ribosomal subunit?

A

30s: Aminoglycosides, tetracylcines ;
50s: macrolides, clindamycin

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9
Q

What are the U/E of Aminoglycosides?

A

nephrotoxicity ; ototoxicity ; neruomuscular toxicity

ototoxicity involves both vestibular and cochlear divisions of CN VIII

narrow therapeutic index

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10
Q

What is the synergistic effect of penicillins and aminoglycosides?

A

penicillins cause cell wall abnormalities that allow the aminoglycosides to gain entry into the bacteria.

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11
Q

Which aminoglycoside is used orally in hepatic coma to decrease the coliform flora to decrease production of ammonia?

A

neomycin

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12
Q

what are the U/E of tetracyclines?

A

staining of teeth ; retardation of bone growth ; photosensitivity

not recommended for pregnant women, children or patients w renal impairment.

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13
Q

Which inhibitors of protein synthesis are most effective in the Tx of rickettsiae ; chlamydia ; mycoplasm ; borrelia infections?

A

tetracyclines

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14
Q

Which inhibitors of protein synthesis are used in Tx of patients w mycoplasm pneumonia ; legionnaires’ disease ; chlamydia ; diphtheria and pertussis?

A

macrolides

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15
Q

What macrolides are the drug of choice for the Tx of pneumonia caused by legionella and mycoplasma?

A

erythromycin ; azithromycin

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16
Q

What are the U/E of Chloramphenicol?

A

bone marrow depression ; aplastic anemia usually fatal ; gray baby syndrome

17
Q

What is the drug of choice for anaerobic GI infections?

A

clindamycin

18
Q

What drug is associated w pseudomembranous colitis?

A

clindamycin -

kills all bacteria except Clostridum Deficile which easily proliferates to cause pseudomembranous colitis

19
Q

what is MOA of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Cotrimoxazole)?

A

-it’s a Folate antagonist, bacteria must produce it’s own folic acid, this drug prevents folic acid synthesis

[Sulfonamides are structurally similar to PABA and block the incorporation of PABA into dihydrofolate acid. Trimethoprim prevents reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase.]

-most commonly used drug in this group; used for UTI and Pneumocystitis carinii pneumonia, etc.

20
Q

MOA and u/e of Fluroquinolones? list important drugs of this group?

A

MOA - inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, and thereby inhibit bacterial DNA replication.

u/e - damage to growing cartilage in animals, not recommended for children

drugs: norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin

21
Q

use of Metronidazole?

A
  • inhibits DNA synthesis
  • drug of choice for trichomoniasis (STD), Amebiasis (Dysentery), and Giardiasis (Dysentery)
  • also drug of choice for antibiotic-associated enterocolitis (pseudomembranous colitis) caused by Clostrudium deficille
22
Q

why are anti-tubercular drugs given as combination therapy?

A

to prevent emergence of resistant strains

23
Q

what is the MOA, use, and the u/e of Isoniazid? how can adverse affect be prevented?

A

MOA - inhibits synthesis of mycolic acids in cell wall
used as First-Line drug for tx tuberculosis

u/e: hepatotoxicity and peripheral neuropathy

-neuropathy can be prevented by prescribing Vit B6 along with Isoniazid

24
Q

what are effects of Rifampin on liver?

A

[this is anti-tuberculosis drug]

this drug is metabolized in the liver and is potent inducer of cytochrome P-450 enzymes

25
Q

What is u/e of Ethambutol?

A

it can cause retrobulbar optic neuritis (inflammation of optic nerve)

26
Q

what is mainstay tx of leprosy?

A

Dapsone

27
Q

which drug is used to tx both leprosy and TB?

A

Rifampin

28
Q

what is most commonly used antifungal drug to tx serious disseminated infections? what is its most common toxicity?

A

Amphotericin B

Nephrotoxicity is most common and serious issue with this drug

Final Pharamcology (8 decks)

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