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Pharmacology > Anti-Infectives > Flashcards

Anti-Infectives Flashcards

1
Q

Action of Penicillin

A

inhibits cell wall synthesis causing bacteria to die (bacteriostatic or bactericidal)

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2
Q

Side effects and adverse reactions of Penicillin

A

N/V, diarrhea, allergic Rxn, Oral/ vaginal candidiasis, generalized rash, anaphylaxis

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3
Q

Contraindications of Penicillin

A

PCN allergies and cephalosporin allergies

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4
Q

Uses of Penicillin

A

Gonorrhea, UTI, Perionitis, Pneumonia and other respiratory infections, septicemia, meningitis

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5
Q

Patient education/ nursing interventions for Penicillin

A

Take w/ 8 oz H2O
Take on an empty stomach for best absorption
Take full course of meds
Take as prescribed

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6
Q

Uses of Cephalosporins

A

Broad spectrum

Treats gram positive and gram negative bacteria

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7
Q

action of cephalosporins

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis- same as PCN

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8
Q

Interactions/ contraindications of cephalosporins

A
  • contraindicated in persons with PCN allergies
  • renal impairment
  • NSAIDS, thrombolytics, anticoagulants & anti-platelet drugs
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9
Q

Side effects and adverse reactions of cephalosporins

A

Allergic rxn, anorexia, hypersensitivity
GI pain/ disturbances
Increased bleeding
Nephrotoxicity

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10
Q

Nursing implications and patient education for persons taking cephalosporins

A 
Do not drink alcohol 
Take on an empty stomach 
Review allergies
Check BUN/ creatine 
Caution with patients with GI bleeding/ disease & renal impairment
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11
Q

1st generation cephalosporins

A

Cephalexin

Used against gram positive and some gram negative bacteria

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12
Q

2nd generation cephalosporins

A

Cefuroxime (Ceftin)

Same as first generation but broader spectrum against gram negative

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13
Q

3rd generation cephalosporins

A

Has additional effectiveness against other gram negatives

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14
Q

4th generation cephalosporins

A

Highly resistant to most beta-lactamase bacteria with broad spectrum antibacterial activity and good penetration of the cerebrospinal fluid.

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15
Q

List 4 amino-glycosides

A

Gentamycin
Amikacin
Tobramycin
Streptomycin

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16
Q

action of aminoglycosides

A

Interfere with protein synthesis of bacteria

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17
Q

uses of aminoglycosides

A

Serious infections caused by gram negative bacteria (meningitis and peritonitis)

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18
Q

Side effects and adverse reactions of aminoglycosides

A

Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, oliguria, pruitis, uticaria, tremors

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19
Q

Interactions and contraindications of aminoglycosides

A

Contraindicated in those with Kidney disease, liver disease, hearing loss

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20
Q

Nursing implications/ patient education for persons taking aminoglycosides

A

Take on an empty stomach, check for allergies, monitor BUN and creatine, do peak & trough levels

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21
Q

Action of tetracyclines

A

inhibit protein synthesis; broad spectrum

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22
Q

Uses of Tetracyclines

A

To treat chlamydia, syphilis, & gonorrhea, and acne

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23
Q

Side effects and adverse reactions of tetracyclines

A

N/v, diarrhea, heartburn, photosensitivity, and hepatotoxicity

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24
Q

Interactions/ contraindications of tetracycline

A

Pregnancy, children under 8 (can cause softening/ browning of the teeth)

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25
Q

Nursing implications and patient education for persons taking tetracycline

A

Take with a full glass of H2O
Take on an empty stomach
Avoid sunlight exposure
Do not take with dairy

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26
Q

Routes of Administration for tetracyclines

A

IM or PO

27
Q

Other tetracyclines

A

Vibramycin

Teramycin

28
Q

Examples of Macrolides

A

Azithromycin (Zithromax)
E-mycin
Clarithoromycin

29
Q

Uses of Macrolides (azithromycin)

A

Gram positive bacterial infections

Upper respiratory infections, lower respiratory infections, some STDs, & uncomplicated skin/skin structure infections

30
Q

contraindications for persons taking azithromycin

A

Contraindicated in individuals with liver disease

31
Q

Action of Fluoroquinolones

A

Kill bacteria by changing their DNA

32
Q

Uses for Fluoroquinolones

A

GI/ GU & respiratory infections

Soft tissue, bone, & joint infection

33
Q

Contraindications/ interactions of fluoroquinolone

A

Decreases effectiveness of birth control

Contraindicated in pregnant women, women who are lactating, and children under 18

34
Q

Commonly used names for Fluoroquinolones

A

Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin

35
Q

Nursing implications and patient education for individuals taking fluoroquinolones

A

Do NOT give with antacids
Drink plenty of fluids
Give small, frequent meals to avoid GI upset
Cautions should be taken with renal or CNS disorders, seizures, or those taking theophylline

36
Q

Side effects and adverse reactions of Fluoroquinilones

A

GI upset, confusion, HA, dizziness, restlessness

37
Q

Action and use of vancomycin

A

Prevents cell wall synthesis

Used to treat: MRSA, C. Diff, enterococcus

38
Q

MECRON

A 
Side effects and uses of Vancomycin
Uses: MEC
M= MRSA
E= Enterococcus
C= C. Diff
S/e: RON 
R= red man syndrome 
O= ototoxicity 
N= nephrotoxicity
39
Q

Contraindications of using vancomycin

A

Contraindicated in individuals with hearing loss and those taking kidney drugs

40
Q

Nursing implications for individuals prescribed Vancomycin

A

Infuse over 60 minutes or longer

Assess peak & trough

41
Q

sulfonimides (sulfa drugs)

A

Sulfisoxazole
Trimethoprim
Sulfamethoxazole

42
Q

Action of sulfa drugs

A

Interfere with synthesis of folic acid

43
Q

Uses of sulfa drugs

A

Treatment of UTIs and STDs

44
Q

Side effects and adverse reactions of Sulfa drugs

A 
Crytalluria 
Proteinuria 
Hematuria 
Anorexia, anemia
Undesirable rash
Renal toxicity
45
Q

Contraindications for sulfa drugs

A

Contraindicated in individuals with sulfa or thiazide allergies and for those with kidney disease

46
Q

Nursing implications and patient education for individuals taking sulfonamides

A

Take on an empty stomach
Take with water and drink 8-10 glasses of water per day (fluids galore)
Stay out of the sun
Look for urine output, fever, sore throat and bleeding

47
Q

Treatment regimen for TB medications

A

Phase 1: 2 months

Phase 2: 4- 7 months

48
Q

Why is multidrug therapy used to treat TB?

A

Decrease bacterial resistance
Treatment duration decreased
Single use is ineffective

49
Q

first line TB drugs

A

Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Streptomycin

More effective and less toxic

50
Q

2nd line TB drugs

A

Kanamycin, amikacin, ciprofloxican

Less effective and more toxic

51
Q

Other TB drugs (RIPES)

A 
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Streptomycin
52
Q

Major side effects of TB drugs

A 
Red-orange secretions
Peripheral neuritis
Increased uric acid 
Visual problems 
Ototoxic, hepatotoxic
53
Q

How/ when are TB drugs used as a prophylactic; contraindications

A

Duration of 6 mo. To 1 year
HIV (+) with a positive test
Converted from negative to positive TB test
Contraindicated in liver disease

54
Q

Action of isoniazid (INH)

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

55
Q

Side effects and adverse reactions of Isoniazid

A

GI distress, blurred vision, photosensitivity, tinnitus, dizziness, peripheral neuropathy, psychotic behavior, seizures, blood dycrasias, hepatotoxicity

56
Q

Interactions and contraindications of isoniazid

A

Avoid alcohol, rifampin, and phenytoin- these increase the effect of the drug
Avoid antacids- this decreases the absorption
Alcohol increases the risk of neuropathy and hepatotoxicity

57
Q

Nursing implications and patient education for Isoniazid

A 
Take 1 hour before meals/ 2 hours after 
Follow complete regimen
Collect sputum early in the morning 
Take pyroxidone (vitamin B6) to prevent peripheral neuropathy 
Need frequent eye exams
Report numbness, tingling, & burning
58
Q

Route of administration of nystatin (microstatin)

A

Oral or topical

59
Q

Action of nystatin (Microstatin)

A

Increase permeability of fungal cell membrane

Fungistatic, fungicidal

60
Q

Nursing implications/ patient education for individuals taking antifungals such as nystatin

A

Swish and swallow

Gargle if throat infected

61
Q

Routes of Administration of Fluconazole and its uses

A

Route: oral, IV, vaginal, topical

Treat canidiasis and histoplasmolisis

62
Q

Uses for metronidaxole (flagyl)

A

Entamoeba histolytica, trichomoniasis, ameobic liver abcesses

63
Q

Nursing implications for individuals taking Metronidazole (Flagyl)

A 
Avoid alcohol (causes facial flushing, sweating, severe HA, slurred speech) 
High doses may cause dark or reddish brown urine
Avoid taking during the 1st trimester of pregnancy 
Watch for HA, dry mouth, fatigue, metallic bitter taste, & GI distress.
64
Q

Neuraminidase inhibitors

A

Zanamivir (Relenza)

Oseltamivir (tamiflu)

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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