Anti-Infectives Flashcards
Action of Penicillin
inhibits cell wall synthesis causing bacteria to die (bacteriostatic or bactericidal)
Side effects and adverse reactions of Penicillin
N/V, diarrhea, allergic Rxn, Oral/ vaginal candidiasis, generalized rash, anaphylaxis
Contraindications of Penicillin
PCN allergies and cephalosporin allergies
Uses of Penicillin
Gonorrhea, UTI, Perionitis, Pneumonia and other respiratory infections, septicemia, meningitis
Patient education/ nursing interventions for Penicillin
Take w/ 8 oz H2O
Take on an empty stomach for best absorption
Take full course of meds
Take as prescribed
Uses of Cephalosporins
Broad spectrum
Treats gram positive and gram negative bacteria
action of cephalosporins
inhibit cell wall synthesis- same as PCN
Interactions/ contraindications of cephalosporins
- contraindicated in persons with PCN allergies
- renal impairment
- NSAIDS, thrombolytics, anticoagulants & anti-platelet drugs
Side effects and adverse reactions of cephalosporins
Allergic rxn, anorexia, hypersensitivity
GI pain/ disturbances
Increased bleeding
Nephrotoxicity
Nursing implications and patient education for persons taking cephalosporins
Do not drink alcohol Take on an empty stomach Review allergies Check BUN/ creatine Caution with patients with GI bleeding/ disease & renal impairment
1st generation cephalosporins
Cephalexin
Used against gram positive and some gram negative bacteria
2nd generation cephalosporins
Cefuroxime (Ceftin)
Same as first generation but broader spectrum against gram negative
3rd generation cephalosporins
Has additional effectiveness against other gram negatives
4th generation cephalosporins
Highly resistant to most beta-lactamase bacteria with broad spectrum antibacterial activity and good penetration of the cerebrospinal fluid.
List 4 amino-glycosides
Gentamycin
Amikacin
Tobramycin
Streptomycin
action of aminoglycosides
Interfere with protein synthesis of bacteria
uses of aminoglycosides
Serious infections caused by gram negative bacteria (meningitis and peritonitis)
Side effects and adverse reactions of aminoglycosides
Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, oliguria, pruitis, uticaria, tremors
Interactions and contraindications of aminoglycosides
Contraindicated in those with Kidney disease, liver disease, hearing loss
Nursing implications/ patient education for persons taking aminoglycosides
Take on an empty stomach, check for allergies, monitor BUN and creatine, do peak & trough levels
Action of tetracyclines
inhibit protein synthesis; broad spectrum
Uses of Tetracyclines
To treat chlamydia, syphilis, & gonorrhea, and acne
Side effects and adverse reactions of tetracyclines
N/v, diarrhea, heartburn, photosensitivity, and hepatotoxicity
Interactions/ contraindications of tetracycline
Pregnancy, children under 8 (can cause softening/ browning of the teeth)
Nursing implications and patient education for persons taking tetracycline
Take with a full glass of H2O
Take on an empty stomach
Avoid sunlight exposure
Do not take with dairy
Routes of Administration for tetracyclines
IM or PO
Other tetracyclines
Vibramycin
Teramycin
Examples of Macrolides
Azithromycin (Zithromax)
E-mycin
Clarithoromycin
Uses of Macrolides (azithromycin)
Gram positive bacterial infections
Upper respiratory infections, lower respiratory infections, some STDs, & uncomplicated skin/skin structure infections
contraindications for persons taking azithromycin
Contraindicated in individuals with liver disease
Action of Fluoroquinolones
Kill bacteria by changing their DNA
Uses for Fluoroquinolones
GI/ GU & respiratory infections
Soft tissue, bone, & joint infection
Contraindications/ interactions of fluoroquinolone
Decreases effectiveness of birth control
Contraindicated in pregnant women, women who are lactating, and children under 18
Commonly used names for Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin
Nursing implications and patient education for individuals taking fluoroquinolones
Do NOT give with antacids
Drink plenty of fluids
Give small, frequent meals to avoid GI upset
Cautions should be taken with renal or CNS disorders, seizures, or those taking theophylline
Side effects and adverse reactions of Fluoroquinilones
GI upset, confusion, HA, dizziness, restlessness
Action and use of vancomycin
Prevents cell wall synthesis
Used to treat: MRSA, C. Diff, enterococcus
MECRON
Side effects and uses of Vancomycin Uses: MEC M= MRSA E= Enterococcus C= C. Diff S/e: RON R= red man syndrome O= ototoxicity N= nephrotoxicity
Contraindications of using vancomycin
Contraindicated in individuals with hearing loss and those taking kidney drugs
Nursing implications for individuals prescribed Vancomycin
Infuse over 60 minutes or longer
Assess peak & trough
sulfonimides (sulfa drugs)
Sulfisoxazole
Trimethoprim
Sulfamethoxazole
Action of sulfa drugs
Interfere with synthesis of folic acid
Uses of sulfa drugs
Treatment of UTIs and STDs
Side effects and adverse reactions of Sulfa drugs
Crytalluria Proteinuria Hematuria Anorexia, anemia Undesirable rash Renal toxicity
Contraindications for sulfa drugs
Contraindicated in individuals with sulfa or thiazide allergies and for those with kidney disease
Nursing implications and patient education for individuals taking sulfonamides
Take on an empty stomach
Take with water and drink 8-10 glasses of water per day (fluids galore)
Stay out of the sun
Look for urine output, fever, sore throat and bleeding
Treatment regimen for TB medications
Phase 1: 2 months
Phase 2: 4- 7 months
Why is multidrug therapy used to treat TB?
Decrease bacterial resistance
Treatment duration decreased
Single use is ineffective
first line TB drugs
Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Streptomycin
More effective and less toxic
2nd line TB drugs
Kanamycin, amikacin, ciprofloxican
Less effective and more toxic
Other TB drugs (RIPES)
Rifampicin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol Streptomycin
Major side effects of TB drugs
Red-orange secretions Peripheral neuritis Increased uric acid Visual problems Ototoxic, hepatotoxic
How/ when are TB drugs used as a prophylactic; contraindications
Duration of 6 mo. To 1 year
HIV (+) with a positive test
Converted from negative to positive TB test
Contraindicated in liver disease
Action of isoniazid (INH)
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Side effects and adverse reactions of Isoniazid
GI distress, blurred vision, photosensitivity, tinnitus, dizziness, peripheral neuropathy, psychotic behavior, seizures, blood dycrasias, hepatotoxicity
Interactions and contraindications of isoniazid
Avoid alcohol, rifampin, and phenytoin- these increase the effect of the drug
Avoid antacids- this decreases the absorption
Alcohol increases the risk of neuropathy and hepatotoxicity
Nursing implications and patient education for Isoniazid
Take 1 hour before meals/ 2 hours after Follow complete regimen Collect sputum early in the morning Take pyroxidone (vitamin B6) to prevent peripheral neuropathy Need frequent eye exams Report numbness, tingling, & burning
Route of administration of nystatin (microstatin)
Oral or topical
Action of nystatin (Microstatin)
Increase permeability of fungal cell membrane
Fungistatic, fungicidal
Nursing implications/ patient education for individuals taking antifungals such as nystatin
Swish and swallow
Gargle if throat infected
Routes of Administration of Fluconazole and its uses
Route: oral, IV, vaginal, topical
Treat canidiasis and histoplasmolisis
Uses for metronidaxole (flagyl)
Entamoeba histolytica, trichomoniasis, ameobic liver abcesses
Nursing implications for individuals taking Metronidazole (Flagyl)
Avoid alcohol (causes facial flushing, sweating, severe HA, slurred speech) High doses may cause dark or reddish brown urine Avoid taking during the 1st trimester of pregnancy Watch for HA, dry mouth, fatigue, metallic bitter taste, & GI distress.
Neuraminidase inhibitors
Zanamivir (Relenza)
Oseltamivir (tamiflu)
