Anti-biotics Flashcards

1
Q

Sulphonomides

Action

A

Folic acid inhibitor

Bacteriostatic

Nausea vomitting

Headaches

Bone marrow depression

Hepatitis

Widespread Resisitance

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2
Q

Trimethoprin

A

Example:

Trimethoprin

Action:

Bacteriostatic

Side fx:

Nausea vomiting, skin rashes, megoblastic anaemia (folat deficiency

Uses:

Uses in combination with sulphonomide in pneumonia. Used alone in UTI/RTI

Resistance:

Moderate

Action:

Broad spectrum against Gram positive and gram negative

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3
Q

Penicillin

A

Example:

Penicillin, benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin, flucoxacillin

Action:

Bacteriacidal

Side Fx:

Few, Hypersensitivity,nausea, vomiting, encephalopathy

Uses:

Most effective given IV, often given to treat unidentified infection

Resistance:

Varies (B lactamase)

Broad spectrum:

Yes, effective against both Gram positive and negative

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4
Q

Cephalosporins

(Modified B Lactam)

A

Examples:

Cefuroxime, cephalexin, cefotaxime

Action:

Bacteriacidal

Side Fx:

Hypersensitivity, nephrotoxicity, diarrhoea, skin rashes, headaches

Uses:

These are synthesised, 3 generations, 1st generation not widely used. Of those allergic to pecicillin 10% show cross allergy to cephalosporins

Broad spectrum:

Yes, effective against gram negative and positive

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5
Q

Monobactam

(Modified B lactam)

A

Example:

Aztreonam

Action:

Bacteriacidal

Side Fx:

Nausea, vomiting, headaches

Uses:

Used against gram negative bacteria in people with penicillin allergy. IV orIM (not broad spectrum)

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6
Q

Carbapenams

(Modified B lactams)

A

Example:

Imipenam

Action:

Bacteriacidal

Side Fx:

Same as penicillins, neurotoxicity at high concentrations

Uses:

Very wide spectrum, both gram positive, gram negative and anaerobes

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7
Q

Tetracyclines

(t-RNA inhibitors)

A

Examples:

Tetracycline, doxycycline

Action:

Bacteriostatic

Side fx:

GI- upset, photosensitivity

Uses:

Used in renal impairment as an alternative to B-lactams, used as prophylaxis for malaria

Wide spectrum against gram negative and positive

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8
Q

Aminoglycosides

(Inhibit cell wall synthesis)

A

Examples:

Gentamycin, streptomycin, neomycin

Action:

Bacteriacidal

Side Fx:

Can cause sensori-neuro deafness in adults and foetus, also affects balance

Uses:

Resisitance can be overcome if used with penicillin/vancomycin. Useful in treating serious gram positive infections. Both gram neg/pos (not anaerobes)

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9
Q

Glycopeptides

(inhibit cell wall synthesis)

A

Examples:

Vancomycin, teicoplanin

Action:

Bacteriacidal/bacteriastatic

Side fx:

Nephrotoxicity, rashes,blood disorders, nausea

Uses:

Used for serious staphylococcal infection or IE, also effective against C. Difficile. Little resistance. Use for Gram positve

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10
Q

Macrolides

(Inhibit translocation of proteins)

A

Examples:

Erythromycin, clarithromycin

Action:

Bcacteriastatic/bacteriacidal

Side Fx:

GI disturbances, hypersensitivity, skin rashes

Uses:

Generally good against G+, but not G-, exceptions include H influenza and legionella. Moderate resistance

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11
Q

Fusisdic acid

(Inhibits protein synthesis)

A

Examples:

Fucidic acid

Side Fx:

GI disturbance, skin eruptions, jaundice

Uses:

Narrow spectrum used against staphylocci. Used topically on lesions. Resistance occurs rapidly when drug used alone. Not broad spec, G+

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12
Q

Quinolones

(Inhibits DNA transcription)

A

Examples:

Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin

Action:

Bacteriacidal

Side fx:

GI disorders, skin rashes, dizziness, headaches Do not use with theophyllines!

Uses:

Useful against gram positive bacteria that are resistent to penicillins. Cipro good against gram negative cocci. Generally better against gram negative

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13
Q

Metronidazole

(inhibits DNA synthesis, breaks down DNA)

A

Examples:

Metronidazole, tindazole

Action:

Bacteriacidal

Side Fx:

Nausea, vomiting, metallic taste, intolerance to alcohol, rashes

Uses:

Equally effective against dividing and non dividing cells. Mainly used to treat C. Dfficile that has often been brought on by other AB use

Resistance:

Uncomon but growing. Not affective against aerobic bacteria

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14
Q

Nitrofurantoin

(Disrupts DNA)

A

Example:

Nitrofurantoin

Action:

Bacteriacidal

Side Fx:

Peripheral neuropathy, GI upset, long term use can cause lung fibrosis

Uses:

Effective againstmost gram positive cocci, and against E. Coli(G-). Often used for LUTI’s

Resistance:

Uncommon

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15
Q

Tetra-cyclines

(Inhibits protein synthesis)

A

Examples:

Doxycycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline

Action:

Bacteriostatic

Side Fx:

Nasea, vomiting, diarrhoea, discolouration of teeth in children, intracranial hypertension

Uses:

Very broad spectrum, used in acne, chlamydia, cholera, mycoplasma

Resistance:

G+ common, G- moderate

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16
Q

Chloramphenicol

(Inhibits proten synthesis)

A

Example:

Chloramphenicol

Action:

Bacteriastatic

Side Fx:

Highly toxic, bone marrow toxicity, neuritis, headache, rashes, grey baby syndrome

Uses:

Highly toxic, reserved for life threatening conditions, used topically in conjunctivitus

Resistance;

Moderate useful against G+/G-

17
Q

Lyncosamides

(Inhibits protein synthesis)

A

Example:

Clindamycin

Action:

Bactriacidal/static

Side Fx:

Nausea, vomiting, rashes, jaundice, neutrapaenia, thrombocytapaenia(bone marrow suppression)

Uses:

Prophylaxis for penicillin allergy

Resistance:

Moderate, effective against both gram +/-

18
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria

A

Bacteria:

Staphylococci & streptoccoci

Commonly found in:

Skin and wound infections

Treatment:

Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, Gentamicin (staph only)

Resistant to cephalosporins, metronidazole

19
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria

A

Bacteria:

Staph, enterococcus, corynebacteria

Commonly found in:

Line related infections

Common treatments:

Vancomycin, Teicoplani, Gentamicin (staph only), resistant to cephalosporins, metronidazole

Clostridia found in gangrenous wounds, infections, abdo infections.

20
Q

Gram-negative bacteria

A

Bacteria:

The coliform bacteria:E.Coli, Klebsiella, enterobacter, salmonella

Commonly found in:

Gut, UTI, cause ventilator assisted pneumonia, wound infection, billiary tract infection, septicaemia

Common treatment:

Cephalosporins, gentamicin, cipro, imipenem, trimethaprin

Resistant to amoxicillin

21
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria

A

Bacteria:

Pseudamonas

Most commonly found in:

Most enviroments - chronic leg ulcers. Catheters, pneumonia septicaemia, CF/bronchiectasis

Common treatment:

Aminoglycosides, cipro, tazocin, imipenem. Resistant to most other ABs

22
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria

A

Bacteria:

Bacteroids, anaerobes

Commonly found in:

Intra abdominal infections, soft tissue infections below the waist

Common treatment:

Metronidazole, co amoxiclav, imipenem, tazocin, clindamycin.

Resistant to benzylpenicillin, amox, cefuroxime, gent, quinolones, macrolides

23
Q
A