Anti-biotics Flashcards
Sulphonomides
Action
Folic acid inhibitor
Bacteriostatic
Nausea vomitting
Headaches
Bone marrow depression
Hepatitis
Widespread Resisitance
Trimethoprin
Example:
Trimethoprin
Action:
Bacteriostatic
Side fx:
Nausea vomiting, skin rashes, megoblastic anaemia (folat deficiency
Uses:
Uses in combination with sulphonomide in pneumonia. Used alone in UTI/RTI
Resistance:
Moderate
Action:
Broad spectrum against Gram positive and gram negative
Penicillin
Example:
Penicillin, benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin, flucoxacillin
Action:
Bacteriacidal
Side Fx:
Few, Hypersensitivity,nausea, vomiting, encephalopathy
Uses:
Most effective given IV, often given to treat unidentified infection
Resistance:
Varies (B lactamase)
Broad spectrum:
Yes, effective against both Gram positive and negative
Cephalosporins
(Modified B Lactam)
Examples:
Cefuroxime, cephalexin, cefotaxime
Action:
Bacteriacidal
Side Fx:
Hypersensitivity, nephrotoxicity, diarrhoea, skin rashes, headaches
Uses:
These are synthesised, 3 generations, 1st generation not widely used. Of those allergic to pecicillin 10% show cross allergy to cephalosporins
Broad spectrum:
Yes, effective against gram negative and positive
Monobactam
(Modified B lactam)
Example:
Aztreonam
Action:
Bacteriacidal
Side Fx:
Nausea, vomiting, headaches
Uses:
Used against gram negative bacteria in people with penicillin allergy. IV orIM (not broad spectrum)
Carbapenams
(Modified B lactams)
Example:
Imipenam
Action:
Bacteriacidal
Side Fx:
Same as penicillins, neurotoxicity at high concentrations
Uses:
Very wide spectrum, both gram positive, gram negative and anaerobes
Tetracyclines
(t-RNA inhibitors)
Examples:
Tetracycline, doxycycline
Action:
Bacteriostatic
Side fx:
GI- upset, photosensitivity
Uses:
Used in renal impairment as an alternative to B-lactams, used as prophylaxis for malaria
Wide spectrum against gram negative and positive
Aminoglycosides
(Inhibit cell wall synthesis)
Examples:
Gentamycin, streptomycin, neomycin
Action:
Bacteriacidal
Side Fx:
Can cause sensori-neuro deafness in adults and foetus, also affects balance
Uses:
Resisitance can be overcome if used with penicillin/vancomycin. Useful in treating serious gram positive infections. Both gram neg/pos (not anaerobes)
Glycopeptides
(inhibit cell wall synthesis)
Examples:
Vancomycin, teicoplanin
Action:
Bacteriacidal/bacteriastatic
Side fx:
Nephrotoxicity, rashes,blood disorders, nausea
Uses:
Used for serious staphylococcal infection or IE, also effective against C. Difficile. Little resistance. Use for Gram positve
Macrolides
(Inhibit translocation of proteins)
Examples:
Erythromycin, clarithromycin
Action:
Bcacteriastatic/bacteriacidal
Side Fx:
GI disturbances, hypersensitivity, skin rashes
Uses:
Generally good against G+, but not G-, exceptions include H influenza and legionella. Moderate resistance
Fusisdic acid
(Inhibits protein synthesis)
Examples:
Fucidic acid
Side Fx:
GI disturbance, skin eruptions, jaundice
Uses:
Narrow spectrum used against staphylocci. Used topically on lesions. Resistance occurs rapidly when drug used alone. Not broad spec, G+
Quinolones
(Inhibits DNA transcription)
Examples:
Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin
Action:
Bacteriacidal
Side fx:
GI disorders, skin rashes, dizziness, headaches Do not use with theophyllines!
Uses:
Useful against gram positive bacteria that are resistent to penicillins. Cipro good against gram negative cocci. Generally better against gram negative
Metronidazole
(inhibits DNA synthesis, breaks down DNA)
Examples:
Metronidazole, tindazole
Action:
Bacteriacidal
Side Fx:
Nausea, vomiting, metallic taste, intolerance to alcohol, rashes
Uses:
Equally effective against dividing and non dividing cells. Mainly used to treat C. Dfficile that has often been brought on by other AB use
Resistance:
Uncomon but growing. Not affective against aerobic bacteria
Nitrofurantoin
(Disrupts DNA)
Example:
Nitrofurantoin
Action:
Bacteriacidal
Side Fx:
Peripheral neuropathy, GI upset, long term use can cause lung fibrosis
Uses:
Effective againstmost gram positive cocci, and against E. Coli(G-). Often used for LUTI’s
Resistance:
Uncommon
Tetra-cyclines
(Inhibits protein synthesis)
Examples:
Doxycycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline
Action:
Bacteriostatic
Side Fx:
Nasea, vomiting, diarrhoea, discolouration of teeth in children, intracranial hypertension
Uses:
Very broad spectrum, used in acne, chlamydia, cholera, mycoplasma
Resistance:
G+ common, G- moderate
Chloramphenicol
(Inhibits proten synthesis)
Example:
Chloramphenicol
Action:
Bacteriastatic
Side Fx:
Highly toxic, bone marrow toxicity, neuritis, headache, rashes, grey baby syndrome
Uses:
Highly toxic, reserved for life threatening conditions, used topically in conjunctivitus
Resistance;
Moderate useful against G+/G-
Lyncosamides
(Inhibits protein synthesis)
Example:
Clindamycin
Action:
Bactriacidal/static
Side Fx:
Nausea, vomiting, rashes, jaundice, neutrapaenia, thrombocytapaenia(bone marrow suppression)
Uses:
Prophylaxis for penicillin allergy
Resistance:
Moderate, effective against both gram +/-
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Bacteria:
Staphylococci & streptoccoci
Commonly found in:
Skin and wound infections
Treatment:
Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, Gentamicin (staph only)
Resistant to cephalosporins, metronidazole
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Bacteria:
Staph, enterococcus, corynebacteria
Commonly found in:
Line related infections
Common treatments:
Vancomycin, Teicoplani, Gentamicin (staph only), resistant to cephalosporins, metronidazole
Clostridia found in gangrenous wounds, infections, abdo infections.
Gram-negative bacteria
Bacteria:
The coliform bacteria:E.Coli, Klebsiella, enterobacter, salmonella
Commonly found in:
Gut, UTI, cause ventilator assisted pneumonia, wound infection, billiary tract infection, septicaemia
Common treatment:
Cephalosporins, gentamicin, cipro, imipenem, trimethaprin
Resistant to amoxicillin
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Bacteria:
Pseudamonas
Most commonly found in:
Most enviroments - chronic leg ulcers. Catheters, pneumonia septicaemia, CF/bronchiectasis
Common treatment:
Aminoglycosides, cipro, tazocin, imipenem. Resistant to most other ABs
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Bacteria:
Bacteroids, anaerobes
Commonly found in:
Intra abdominal infections, soft tissue infections below the waist
Common treatment:
Metronidazole, co amoxiclav, imipenem, tazocin, clindamycin.
Resistant to benzylpenicillin, amox, cefuroxime, gent, quinolones, macrolides
